The United States Public Policy - 1703 Words

Healthcare has been at the forefront of United States public policy for decades. Ever since President Roosevelt proposed healthcare reform during his 1912 run for president, reform has been a policy position often espoused in American politics, culminating with Social Security in the 1930s, Medicare in the 1960s, and finally the Affordable Care Act in 2010 (Palmer 1). While the goal of the Affordable Care Act is to provide care for every American, the United States has never fully adopted a single payer system; a healthcare system that provides universal care to every American. Furthermore, current systems within the United States that maintain single-payer attributes are subject to scrutiny from politicians and activists alike. While†¦show more content†¦In the article â€Å"What is Single Payer†, Physicians for a National Health Program define single-payer healthcare as â€Å"national health insurance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  whereas â€Å"...All residents of the U.S. would be covered for all medically necessary services...† (1-2). This is, of course, in stark contrast to the United State’s former system: employer based health insurance. Public opposition to the system undoubtedly lead to the Affordable Care Act (which fits within the aforementioned definition), and many wish to continue these reforms. Physicians for a National Health Program, a group that supports single payer, contend that a single payer system is necessary, for their estimates show that, â€Å"premiums would disappear; 95 percent of all households would save money† under a single payer system (2). Nevertheless, the promises of more productive and accessible care are at odds with certain findings. Deane Waldman, author of â€Å"Articles: Five Strikes Against Single Payer Healthcare† found that, historically, there have been five recurring problems associated with single payer healthcare: price controls, long waiting periods, rationing of care, inefficiency, and exorbitant costs. Waldman explains that price controls, such as price caps on pharmaceutical drugs which, in turn, destroyed Italy’s pharmaceutical industry (3-4). Waldman continues by elaborating on the woes of Canada’s system, suggesting that some Canadians literally died while waiting for care. She argues that care wasShow MoreRelatedPublic Policy : The United States1453 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States’ government has a responsibility to ensure the safety and security of its citizens and in doing so creates what is called public policy. The simplest way to describe public policy is an action that is taken by a government in order to address issues that they are facing. Public policy as its name states is generated through the government process such as the legislative branch. In order to address these issues the legislative branch enacts laws and regulations. Law is a majorRead MoreThe Role Of Public And Corporate Policies On The United States1886 Words   |  8 PagesSiting and operation of coal fired power plants in the U.S. today is a clear example of public and corporate policies disproportionately impacting communities of color and communities with low economic or political leverage. As discussed below, all the usual suspects associated with hazardous industrial operations make appearances. Direct toxicity, unexplained health issues, economic penalties, and failing schools (further concentration of low-income and less mobile) ravage the communities unfortunateRead MorePublic Policy Is An Essential Element Of The United States Government977 Words   |  4 PagesPublic policy is an essential element of the United States’ government. Congress, the president, the Cabinet, as well as the thousands members of the bureaucracy, all play a crucial role in defining how political decision are made in the United States. Public policy not only shapes the national government, but it also shapes the state and local governments as well. Domestic, foreign, and economic policies are come together to form public policy as a whole and all deal with different issues and problemsRead MoreThe Priorities Of The United States Public Policy Making Process949 Words   |  4 PagesThe top priorities in the United States’ public policy making process continue to be protection from terrorism, a stronger economy, and the creation of more jobs (Pew Research Center, 2015). However, with a growing concern for public health and safety due to environmental issues, perhaps our policy makers should address the issues we face daily while living in our communities. The environmental issues extend beyond unhealthy, and risky conditions due to waste management and unsustainable lifestylesRead MoreFlood Policies In The United States And The Netherlands Case Study1502 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper is about comparing flood policies in the United States and the Netherlands. How both countries are taking different approaches to a similar situation that both faces. Especially with the rising waters from global warming. This paper looks at what is causing these two different approaches. Is something domestic going on in the United States and the Netherlands that is leading to this result such as economics or public opinion? The research in this paper is intended to help solve this importantRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana1123 Words   |  5 Pagesand distributing marijuana within state and national borders. The last aspect of the proposal would require for marijuana to be regulated exactly like alcohol by the Food and Drug Administration as well as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tabaco, Firearms, and Explosives. Both of these proposals are probable options for the United States, but the key question they must answer is: Should marijuana be a national issue or a states issue? When discussing current marijuana policy they are certain rules put in placeRead MoreThe Process by Which Topics Become Public Policies1577 Words   |  6 PagesBecomes a Policy by for Summer 2013 In the United States, the process by which topics become public policy are the topics of animated cartoons for children (i.e., Schoolhouse Rock!s Im just a bill), but far less known is the specific process by which healthcare topics go on to become formal policies. Because every healthcare policy has the potential to affect all American healthcare consumers, it is important to understand the process by which a topic eventually becomes a policy. To thisRead MorePolitical Involvement os Power of the Public1456 Words   |  6 Pagesis the power of public opinion. When the people collectively begin to aggressively voice their concerns for a certain action to take place, it forces the hand of the government to act in response to that distress (Kraft and Furlong, 2013). There are currently nineteen states that offer a higher minimum wage than the federal mandate. Thirteen states raised their minimum wage levels on January 1, 2014, increasing the purchasing power of the lowest paid worker s in each respective state, some of the increasesRead MoreLyndon Johnson And The Vietnam War934 Words   |  4 PagesAsian and bring back home our troops. A policy Nixon redefined was the American role in the world by suggesting to limit the U.S resources and commitments. Therefore, Nixon’s set his efforts to end the war since the withdrawal from Vietnam was not an immediate option. Also, Nixon had his radar on Moscow and China because according to George C. Herring, they felt that they must release the United States from the war in a way that would uphold United States credibility with their friends and foes alikeRead MoreThe Strategic Management Of Health Systems And Services For Population Health Gain Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages Investigating the Strategic Management of Health Systems and Services for Population Health gain in United States Qinran Liu Washington University in St. Louis Statement of the Problem Population health in the U.S has recently improved, as strategic management in health system develops. The United States has overtime experienced changes in the health system and services as the population increases and demand for healthcare. The regional balancing in rural and urban healthcare development

Spread of Islam to North Africa Essay - 582 Words

â€Å"There are about 1.6 billion Muslims, or 23% of the world’s population, making Islam the second-largest religion†(Desilver 1). The Muslim religion is very dominant religion in the 21st century. It is grown about 2.9% a year. This religion wasn’t always always so prominent, and so widely accepted. The Muslim religion was created by the Prophet Muhammad around 610 C.E. The religion started off in present day Saudi Arabia, the religions followers soon realized they would need to spread if they wish to keep their religion alive. Islam was spread to North Africa as a result of conquest over African tribes, missionary efforts by the Muslim people, and traders spreading the religion by ear. At first the amount of people that supported the Muslim†¦show more content†¦Although missionary efforts played a big role in the spread of the Islamic religion; traders who spread the religion by ear were the most effective. Trade played a massive part in the spread in the Islamic religion. Not because the people would â€Å"trade† the religion but they would talk about it and discuss the up and down to the Muslim faith. This would get people to see the upside of the Islamic religion. It also helped that during this time period the Arabian peninsula could have been the trade center of the world because it was in the middle of the known world. The Muslim people would also spread the religion through trade because it would help the trade and economy of the country. The main reason that it spread the fastest and the most effective, was because it was quickest way to speak about the religion to other people in the world. North Africa was exposed to the Islamic religion because of the Muslim Arab army conquering African tribes, the Muslims missionary efforts, and traders telling people about the religion. During the time while the Muslims were conquering, they actually did very little conquering and more spreading. They didn’t force the religion just showed the good side of the religion. When the people who tried to spread the religion to help out their religion, they would state the good sides of the religion. The good sides were thatShow MoreRelatedIslam Spread Over A Large Portion Of Africa898 Words   |  4 PagesIslam spread over a large portion of Africa through trade with Arabs and the people in the interior of Africa, the Sufi brotherhoods that helped to solidify the beliefs in people, and Arab settlers in Africa. In combination with those, the vast trade networks in Africa and the Indian Ocean, the rise of states in West Africa, urbanization of towns, and the Islamic revivalist moveme nt all helped to spread the religion and ideologies of Islam through Africa. The origins of Islam in Africa did stem fromRead MoreThe Change to Trade Routes Over Time926 Words   |  4 PagesIn 300 C.E., trade routes were primarily between Europe and North Africa. The way that they changed by 1450 C.E. was that they expanded southward and westward. By 1450, these trade routes went all the way through West Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian Ocean. One factor that was unchanged during this time period was that the northern coast of Africa was always involved in the trade between Africa and the rest of Eurasia. The trade networks between African and Eurasia remained very importantRead MoreThe Between West Africa And South Africa1318 Words   |  6 PagesWhile the nearness of Islam in West Africa goes back to eighth century, the spread of the confidence in locales that are presently the cutting edge conditions of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali and Nigeria, was in reality, a progressive and complex procedure. A lot of what we think about the early history of West Africa originates from medieval records composed by Middle Easterner and North African geographers and antiquarians. Experts have utilized a few models to disclose whyRead MoreChristianity in Northern Africa Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Christianity in Africa is not a recent happening nor is it a product of colonialism if we go back to the very time of the apostle. Christianity in most area was confronted during the centuries after the struggle by Islam, the Christian religion suffered in some measure, but did not disappear. Christianity has been flourishing on the northern part of this continent for years before Islam was born. Christianity in North African seemed to have been well founded deeply entrenched andRead MoreAfrican Civilizations And The Spread Of Islam1745 Words   |  7 PagesCornell Notes Topic/Objective: Chapter 8:African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam Name: Maddy Garza Class/Period: 4B Date: September 18, 2015 African Societies: Diversity and Similarities – Stateless Societies - Common Elements in African Societies The Arrival of Islam in North Africa The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia Kingdom of the Grasslands Sudanic StatesRead MoreMali : The Largest Country1246 Words   |  5 Pages1. Mali - Mali is the eighth largest country in the entire West Africa. The economic center of Mali runs on agriculture and also fishing. Mali is the third largest gold producing country in the world, another interesting thing it produces is salt. Mali also produced a federation in the year 1960 after gaining independence Mali had gotten the Mali federation. 2. Chad - Chad is located in central West Africa it borders with Libya and Sudan on either side of it. Chad is a very unique place it isRead MoreThe Growth Of Trade Between Africa1037 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Africa, Asia and Europe influenced a very important religion. The location of the Islamic world was ideal for trade, it lay between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Muslims traveled by land and sea, creating a network of trade. A Muslim scholar named Ibn Battuta traveled around Europe, Africa and Asia for about 7 years. Ibn Battuta traveled all around West Africa, Europe and Asia. The goods they traded were silk, paper, dishes, spices, gems and coconuts. By A.D. 1000, Islam had theRead MoreHow Trade in West Africa Encouraged The Spread of Islam1151 Words   |  5 PagesHOW TRADE IN WEST AFRICA ENCOURAGED THE SPREAD OF ISLAM Islam, a monotheistic and spiritually based religion which refers to the act of giving great reverence to the Supreme Being, â€Å"submission to God† was found in the Saudi Arabian countries by the Prophet Muhammad in 610 C.E.1 The religion which was renowned for its triumph, patent power with an open set of beliefs about the Dos and the DONTs so as to gain access to heaven spread spontaneously as people learned of it through trade.1 It is todayRead MoreLong Distance Trade in West Africa856 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican History 18 March 2011 History of Trade Influence in West Africa Trade has played an important role in the history of the West African region. Trade shaped the region in two main ways. Trade worked as a catalyst for the rise of nearly every empire in the region from its’ earliest times to present day. Also, the growth and spread of trade routes brought in an immense amount of culture with it as well. Trade is and has been a reason for organization in all parts of the world from theRead MoreIslam And The Trans Atlantic Trade1739 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Islam is a religion created in the seventh century by Muhammad a, Arab long distance merchant from Mecca. Muhammad was born and grew in an era where Christianity was the dominant religion in the Mediterranean region. The message of Christianity was at the time spreading so fast through the major trading routes in what is commonly known as the Trans Atlantic trade. Mecca happened to have been on one of the trade routes of goods and ideas. It is not a surprise to find that Islam as a religion

Broken April Reflection Essay Example For Students

Broken April Reflection Essay 1. The Code in Albania pushes the balance between men and women. In one of the more depressing traditions, the husband is not allowed to wait on the wedding. If by some chance there is a murder, then according to tradition â€Å"the bride enters on one side, the dead man leaves on the other† (75). This oxymoronic happy/sad relationship with a dual wedding/funeral shows the extent to which the bessa can disrupt the balance between the living and the dead. A living, happy woman is held with equal regard as a very, very dead man. These extremities in the relationship between the man and the woman in the Code are further highlighted with the â€Å"tradition† with the bride’s family. The husband is given the â€Å"blessed cartridge† for â€Å"if she proved unfaithful†, the husband would be allowed to shoot her. Here, the woman is again looked down upon. Just like with the murder tradition, the rights of women are again seconded to the rights of men. This disruption in the balance between man and women is also reflected in Bessian and Diana, when Bessian says to Diana â€Å" ‘you are a child’†. Continuing with his rather patronizing tone whenever addressing Albanian culture to Diana, Bessian and Diana’s relationship and interaction reveal some of the frictional components in their marriage. His personality and his inability to understand Diana places his position in their marriage as much higher than that of Diana’s. Thus, the Kanun values men over women. 2. Kanun culture clashes with modern society when Diana and Bessian visit the Prince of Orosh. When Mark Ukacierra meets Diana and Bessian he feels dislike â€Å"as soon as he had laid eyes on them† (133). To him, Diana and Bessian epitomize the progressiveness and modernization that even the Prince is beginning to embrace. Ukacieera, however, remains in the trapped blood-feud mentality and is unable to accept changes to his mindset. He was ashamed to admit that he â€Å"had felt fear in the presence of a woman† and that arguments about the Kanun â€Å"quietly fell apart† when they reached Diana’s eyes. Because Ukacierra has been engrained with the Kanun tradition for so long, his mindset perceives the Kanun as being correct and prevents any change. Thus when Diana appears, her presence metaphorically brings â€Å"modern† society and the conflicting viewpoints of tradition versus modernization. Here, Ismail Kadare questions the reality of the Kanun and whether of not it is a way of â€Å"safeguarding† culture, or rather simply a destruction of culture (because there is no advancement). 3. Following the trip to the Kullah, Diana and Bessian’s marriage begins to fall apart. Bessian begins to realize that although â€Å"he leaned towards the window, could not tell where were† (169). This confusion of the setting reflects on Bessian’s internal confusion with his wife. The window metaphorically shows the troubles of Bessian’s marriage. Although Bessian can see his wife clearly, it is as if he is examining her through a window; although she is right next to him, mentally she is not right next to him. Thus when Bessian gently nuzzles her, â€Å"she did not move, she came no closer nor did she draw away† (169). Here Bessian realizes that something has â€Å"broken† in Diana. He hopes that â€Å"something might be saved† and goes on to ask himself â€Å"what is happening to me?†, not what is happening to Diana. The cause of Diana’s silence and indifference, ironically enough, comes from the experiences she has witnessed because of the oppressiveness of the Kanun (which Bessian so admires). This ultimately â€Å"oppresses† Diana to the point in which the Kanun becomes her only reality and she becomes utterly obsessed with Gjorg. Since the Kanun drags families in a reality that has no end, the Kanun also drags both Diana and Diana’s marriage into this reality.

Mitigation Essays - Environmental Economics,

Mitigation Mitigation measures for all culturally significant locations found during an archaeological survey along the thirty-mile long proposed gas pipeline project in portions of Cleveland and McClain Counties in central Oklahoma should consider the degree of the impact, such as, no adverse affect, an adverse effect, or no effect. Other consideration, when considering mitigation techniques is how significant is the impact. Early notification of the State historic preservation officers is also important when determining historical site information and mitigation considerations. 1.Mitigation plans for location A (5 miles east of the westernmost point of the pipeline), which is already included in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) would consist of the following; alternate routes that would avoid the NRHP site completely, down scaling the proposed project size, or possibly abandoning the pipeline project completely. All these proposed mitigation techniques could be used which would spare the NRHP site any adverse effects. If the pipeline project must continue along the proposed route, alternative mitigation options could be used. Possibly repairing, rehabilitating or even restoring the site where any damage has occurred during the construction phase of the pipeline. If these mitigation would not be acceptable, then relocation of the site and the salvage of all sites' material if the site location had to be destroyed during construction. 2.Location B and C (8 miles and 9 miles, respectively, east of the westernmost point of the pipeline), were found eligible for NRHP protection. Mitigation measures at both location B and C would be the same as location A, since properties eligible for inclusions are covered under section 106 of The National Historic Preservation Act which is the same as properties already listed in the NRHP. 3.At location D (14 miles east of the westernmost point of the pipeline), an old building used as a farm house by early settler (about 100 years ago) in Cleveland county was found not eligible for the NRHP. Even thought the farmhouse was not eligible for the NRHP this does not necessarily mean that the farmhouse does not have historical value to the Locals. Consideration of Local concerns should be addressed when considering destruction of the farmhouse and possible mitigation measures. Other considerations include possible future eligibility to the NRHP, since the farmhouse is 100 years old. Possible mitigation measure could include relocation of the farmhouse or event an alternate route for the pipeline. Finally it may be necessary to demolish the farmhouse in the interest of the gas pipeline project. 4.At location E (23 miles east of the westernmost point of the pipeline) several grave sites were found: which are thought to be a part of a larger Indian burial ground. This location and all associated items would be protected by The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. Mitigation recommendation for this site would be not to disturb the graves by rerouting the pipeline, or canceling the pipeline project. Disruption of the Indian burial ground as a mitigation alternative would be unlikely. Prearranged plans should be made for any additional historic properties found during the construction phase of the thirty-mile long pipeline. The plans should be included in any documentation during the assessment and consultation steps of the Section 106 process. It may be necessary to develop agreements or Memoranda of Understanding with the state and local archaeological agencies just in case a site is discovered during the construction phase. Care should be taken not to divulge any information to the public until the historical site is protected from thieves and from people that could damage the site.

Buffalo Soliders In The West essays

Buffalo Soliders In The West essays Throughout American history, African Americans havent had too much say in whether or not they belonged in the United States or not. Slavery without a doubt had a great impact upon their decisions. However, despite their troubles, African Americans have paid their dues and have made an impact on our armed forces since the Revolutionary War. African Americans have fought to preserve the rights for Americans, as well as having to fight the war within their very own country to gain the right to fight for their country and their individual freedom. Approximately sixteen months after the end of the Civil War, an Act of Congress entitled the Buffalo Soldiers An Act to increase and fix the Military Peace Establishment of the United States. Which authorized the formation of tow regiments of cavalry to be composed of colored men. This act was approved on July 28th, 1866. On September 21st, 1866, the 9th cavalry regiment was activated in Greenville, LA, along with the 10th cavalry regiment, which was activated at Fort Leavenworth, KS. Even though the African American soldiers clearly distinguished themselves as soldiers, they were by no means wanted in the army. Shortly after General Washington took command of the Army, the white colonists decided that not only should no black slaves or freemen be enlisted, but that those already serving in the Army should be dismissed. The colonists didnt enjoy the black soldiers in the army because they felt that blacks werent smart enough and as well trained to handle themselves in battle. In turn, would only be taking up space and food for the other soldiers who they felt were more equipped to fight with the army in major battles. The colonists would probably have kept Blacks out of the military during the war if it were not for the proclamation by the Lord of Dunmore. His statement was, "I do hereby... declare all... Negroes... free, that are able and willing to bear ...

Stress Management and Work Performance in the UK (HR)

Stress Management and Work Performance in the UK (HR) What is the objective of the investigation? In this study, the researcher was interested in investigating the relationship between stress management and workplace performance in the United Kingdom. This research was motivated by the recent reports that there has been an increasing concern by human resource managements over the need to manage stress among employees.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Stress Management and Work Performance in the UK (HR) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various organizations within the United Kingdom have set aside some resources to help fight workplace stress as one of the ways of improving performance. These organizations have been keen to ensure that their employees have as minimal levels of stress as can be possible (Harrington 2001, p. 79). This motivated the researcher to launch an investigation if there was a relationship between stress management and work performance among em ployees. The research was based within the country among employees of varying ages, races and academic levels. The goal of the study is to establish the relationship between stress management and work performance and the best approach to manage stress to meet organizational goals. The following are some of the specific goals that the researcher had when commencing this research. To determine the primary and secondary causes of stress. To evaluate the impact of stress management on employee performance at the workplace. To determine the best methods of stress management. This way, the researcher would be able to determine if it is worth committing a lot of resources and time in managing stress in the workplace. It stress management have a direct positive impact on workplace performance then it is important that organization gives it enough focus in order for them to improve efficiency. How have I gone about the study? As was explained in the methodology of this dissertation, the re searcher used both the primary and secondary sources of data. As Brotherton (2003, p. 118) says, a researcher cannot claim to conduct a research from scratch given the massive studies conducted in various fields in the contemporary world. As such, any piece of research will always be an advancement of already existing pieces of research. This makes secondary sources of data very important. The researcher used these secondary sources of data to help develop a base for this research. Unlike data gathered from primary sources, secondary sources of data proved to be very important because it is an already processed data. The researcher was able to gather the theoretical perspective of this research from the secondary data.Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The primary data played an equally important role. As Boss (2002, p. 78) says, a research cannot be considered to be com plete until the researcher can come up with his or her own empirical analysis that would confirm or reject what the secondary sources of data says. It is the primary data that will authenticate the research, otherwise such a research may just be considered as a critique of literatures. For this reason, the researcher went to the ground and gathered data from the sampled respondents. The data was gathered using questionnaires which were developed by the researcher after developing research proposal. The questions used were both open ended and closed ended. While open ended questions gave the respondents freedom to give their answers based on their wider knowledge of the question, closed ended questions were relatively easy to code during the analysis process. The researcher used SPSS in analyzing the data (Maxwell Steele 2008, p. 366). This enabled the research to generate regression and correlation of various variables in the research. This enabled the researcher to reject the null hypotheses that were developed. Why did I follow this particular route? This research used quantitative research in arriving at the findings. Quantitative research is a kind of study that utilizes figures to arrive at certain conclusions (Huczynski Buchanan 2007, p. 56). In this regard, the research took the form of a survey, whereby the researcher identified the sample and posted questionnaires to them. In this research, there was need to compare the relationship between variables in order to establish cause and effect. The researcher was interested in knowing how different factors (independent variables) stress management (dependent variables), and how this would then affect workplace performance. This demanded for a method that would be objective and able statistically to generalize the findings. Quantitative method was found to be the most appropriate method to use in this research.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Stress Management and Work Perfo rmance in the UK (HR) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Quantitative research involves systematic empirical study of a phenomenon by use of statistical tools (McClurg 1999, p. 25). Its main objective is always to employ mathematical theories and models in developing its generalization (Freund Carmeli 2003, p. 710). Therefore, quantitative method would help in this research. It would enable the researcher test the hypotheses put forth for validity and allow the use of a sample as a representation of the entire population. It would help the researcher to use the data to compare the performance of specific employees in their workplaces, and the way they manage their stress and how the management helps them in managing their stress. The quantitative method would also help in knowing if there is any relationship between the performance of the employees at workplace and stress management. Although qualitative methods was traditionally used in soci al science and would be appropriate in this research, it is not able to give empirical support for research hypothesis. Qualitative methods explain why a given pattern of events has taken place the way they have (Buick Thomas 2001, p. 308). On the other hand, quantitative methods explains what and when of a phenomena. Ethnographic research and phenomenology as approaches of qualitative research would have been appropriate. Ethnography would help in investigation of culture at the workplace that may increase chances of stress among employees (Denzin Lincoln2011). Phenomenology would have helped investigate realities that should be addressed by the management in order to successfully manage stress at the workplace. Due to these reasons qualitative method was not employed in the research and the researcher opted for quantitative research. What principles govern my choices? As mentioned above, the researcher wanted an approach that would enable empirical analysis of data. This would h elp in validation of the secondary data that was reviewed in chapter two of this research. The decision to collect data from across the races, sexes, ages, levels of and education was to help determine the social groups that are at greater risk of getting affected from stress.Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would enable policy makers within various organizations in the United Kingdom to know how to approach each group when it comes to stress management (Lazarus 1966, p. 78). This decision was also based on the fact that there is need to be all inclusive because in the current society prohibit any form of discrimination on whatsoever basis. What assumptions have I made and what were my justifications? In every research, there is need to develop some assumptions in order to make a research process a reality. Assumptions are always very important when dealing with social sciences. As Belanger (2011, p. 89) says, in pure sciences, it is possible for the researcher to manipulate organisms in the research to fit into the desired condition. However, this is not possible when dealing with social sciences. This is because in social sciences, the subject of the researcher is a human being. It is almost impossible to manipulate human being when conducting a research. For this reason, it is i mportant to make some assumptions. In this research, it was assumed that stress is the major cause of poor employee performance at the workplace What results did I obtain? From this research, the result did confirm the fact that stress management has a direct positive impact on performance at workplace. It was confirmed that the best way of managing stress in the workplace is by identifying the source. When the source of this stress is identified, it becomes possible to address it by eliminating the source. This is a sure way of ensuring that all the negative symptoms of stress to not affect the effectiveness of the employees in the workplace. It was also confirmed in this research that lack of stress management among employees in some institution in the United Kingdom has negatively affected the performance of such institutions in various fronts. Will this research solve the problem? The research has revealed a lot of facts about stress management. From this research, it has come o ut clearly that for the management to be in a position to succeed in their undertaking, they must fight stress among their employees. This research has given a number of ways through which stress can be managed at workplace for firms within this country. Are the analyses sound? The validity of the analysis done in this research has been confirmed. The decision to use quantitative analysis was partly motivated by the need to have a method that can be verified empirically. This makes the results obtained in this research valid. They can be used by policy makers within the scope defined in this research. List of References Belanger, C 2011, Our World: United Kingdom, Cengage, New York. Boss, P 2002, Family stress management: A contextual approach, Sage, Thousand Oaks. Brotherton, B 2003, International Hospitality Industry: Structure, Characteristics and Issues, Butterworth-Heinemann, New York. Buick, I Thomas, M 2001, Why do middle managers in hotels burn out? International Journal of Contemporary Management, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 304-309. Freund, A Carmeli, A 2003, ‘An Empirical Assessment: reconstruct model for five universal forms of work commitment’, Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 18 no. 7, pp. 708-725. Harrington, J. M 2001. â€Å"Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work.† Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 58, no. 1, p. 68-72. Huczynski, A Buchanan, D 2007, Organizational Behavior: an introductory text, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Lazarus, R 1966, Psychological Stress and the Coping Process, McGraw-Hill, New York. Maxwell, G Steele, G 2008, ‘Organizational commitment: a study of managers in hotels’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 15 no. 7, pp. 362-369. McClurg, N 1999, Organizational commitment in the temporary-help service industry’, Journal of Applied Management Studies, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 5-26.

Quality management of clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Quality management of clothing - Essay Example Across the world in all industries there is a heightened awareness that quality management goes hand in hand with the realization that quality has a cultural dimension and to attain quality, a culture change is a primary requirement (Dale et al 1997). Though measures like Total Quality Management (TQM) are vigorously undertaken by textile manufactures, half way through the implementation level the programs often run out of steam. Dean and Evans (1994) feel that this problem can be remedied by the development of appropriate culture of quality with in the entire edifice of the organization. Attempts at improving quality in the textile sector have not yielded desired results in the past. Academic research in this area has shown that the failure is largely due to the attempt at improving quality targeting only on the operational level of the industry. Present day research shows that quality management to be effective in real time practice has to be integrated in the organization’s strategy. Beckford (1998) complains that the traditional remedial attempts were aimed at the operational level. . He pointed out that operational constrains eventually lead to compromise in quality. A three fold strategy (derived from Joseph Juran) will influence the organization across the board is put forward by him (Beckford 1998.P.107) Though quality is cardinal in clothing industry for achieving success, it is not any more possible to bask in the glory of the image of the country as a nation, which manufactured products of historic brand equity. Though country of origin image is still valued in the case of heavy equipments, in the textile sector it has become old wives tales. Instead of talking about countries of origin, customers have started taking about countries of origin of brands (Pay and Predergast 2000). Many factors have contributed in the shift of scenario. In the past only products moved from one country to another. Recently capital as well as entire factories

Briefly discuss the functions of NAT, ICS, and WINS as well as their Essay

Briefly discuss the functions of NAT, ICS, and WINS as well as their uses - Essay Example It does the access control to resources between computers on the either sides of the firewall. NAT also conserves the number of public addresses used within an organization, considering the economic and security aspects Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is the Microsoft’s NetBIOS name resolution service for the TCP/IP networks. WINS helps the users to access the resources with NetBIOS names in the remote network. WINS supports NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT). Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) is a feature implemented in Windows Operating system to share a single Internet connection present in one computer with the other computers on the same local area network. ICS works with the help of Dynamical host control protocol of (DHCP) and network address translation (NAT).This Internet connection sharing is done by using a device with Internet access such as 3G cellular service, broadband via Ethernet, or other Internet gateway as the access point for the other devices

The first World War Essay Example for Free

The first World War Essay How do Owen and Sassoon shows us that it is not sweet and honourable to die for your country? In the early 1900s it was believed by many people in Britian that it was sweet and honou rable to die for your country this is mainly due to the fact that there had not been a major European conflict in a hundred years. War was believed to be glamorous and soldiers were seen as gallant and were highly respected for fighting for the Great British Empire. But during the First World War many soldiers discovered how tragic and horrific war could really be. Civillians like Jessie Pope created crude war verses to pressure men into enlisting without having any direct experience with the truth of war. Who would much rather come back with the crutch Than lie low and be out of the fun? Some of the soldiers from the First World War wrote poetry to describe the realities of war. Two of the famous poets from the period were Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon. Siegfried Sassoon was born into a wealthy Jewish family in 1886 in which he lived the pastoral life of a young squire. When Sassoon joined the army it was said that he reacted very bitterly and violently to the realities of war. Sassoon earned the name of Mad Jack after a fellow officer died. This was due to the near-suicidal exploits against the german lines. Sassoon was admitted into a military hospital for shell shock where he met Wifred Owen. Wilfred Owen was born in 1893,at the age of sixteen Owen failed to attain entrance to the university of London and started writing poetry. Then he spent a year as a lay assistant to the Revd. In 1915 he joined the army and was placed in the Artists Rifles. In 1917 he was posted in France and saw his first action. Later on in the year he was diagnosed with Shell shock or neurasthenia and was sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital. Owen and Sasson met in the hospital and discussed their veiws on the War and poetry. Both Owen and Sassoon objected to the social pressure both official and unofficial that were put on young men to join the army. Although it was said that Sassoon mentored and influenced Owen in writing poetry,Owens style is very different to Sassoons. Owen shows us the realties of war by writing detailed long poems about the situations the soldiers were put through during the First World War. Sassoon on the other hand wrote short poems about the after affects on the soldiers and the relatives after the war. This is shown in such poems that Owen wrote as Exposure in which Owen describes the psychological and physical affects soldiers were put through during winter warfare. The soldiers in this poem are waiting for something to happen this is called stale mate. At this point in time the soldiers feel that the cold is more dangerous to them than the war Our brains ache, in the merciless iced east winds that knive us. . . . I think that this goes against most peoples usual idea of warfare because most people imagine warfare as non stop fighting, and they think that the most dangerous things to soldiers are guns and bults. In this poem Owen uses comparisons to connect weather and war like iced winds that knive us. Also Owen uses the personification of the clouds to show us that the freezing winter weather conditions attacked them like the actual enemy would Attacks once more in ranks on shivering ranks of grey. In this poem Owen uses para rhymes such as Like twitching agonies of men among its brambles. Northward, incessantly, the flickering gunnery rumbles, . Owen uses para rhymes to keep a rhythm to the poem but so that it still keeps with the saddness of winter warfare. I think these para rhythms work well because as well as them giving the poem a rhythm they give the poem a structure. Later on in the poem the soldiers begin to hullucinate We cringe in holes,back on forgotten dreams ,and stare sundozed, they do this because they are in stalemate and the waiting is almost sending them insane . They hullucinate about a normal spring day Deep into grassier ditches. So we drowse ,sun-dozed ,Littered with trickling where the blackbird fusses,. This shows us that some if not all of the soldiers are having to dream of a happier place to give the situation they are in some sort of hope,hope that they will once again be home. Also in this stanza Owen asks the question Is it that we are dying? when I read this line I get the impression that they were almost hoping for this in some way. Then the soldiers go home and find the doors and windows locked Shutter and doors ,all closed then they return to reality and the daydream ends. Owen ends this stanza with we turn back to our dying this makes you realise that they have no hope of of escaping the realities of war. Owen also describes why the soldiers are fighting. The reasons are they wanted to sustain their way of life for their children and they felt it was their duty which is understandable. But the reason which I thought was strange is that they had no reason not to. That gave me the impression that Owen was almost trying to say that because they had no reason for them to join the army their lives were wasted. The soldiers in this poem that have died from the winter are buried by the burying party, later on in the poem they are described as half known facesand All their eyes are ice,. I think Owen describes them as half known faces because they are dead so they are not really people anymore. They are described as Their eyes are ice, because people say the eyes are the gate way to the soul and because they are dead they have no soul anymore. I think these phrases work well because it give us great imagery and shows us that some of the soldiers didnt die peacefully. Throughout this poem Owen expresses his anger towards the people who died unnecessarily as a result of winter weather conditions in the First World War. Sucide in the trenches was written by Sassoon, it describes what being in the trenches could do to the most positive of people. In this poem Sassoon uses simple rhymes, phrases and adjectives to bluntly describe how a young soldier took his own life. In the first stanza the soldier is described as I knew a simple soldier boy Who grinned at life in empty joy , he may have been described this way because he was uneducated and a very positive person. Then in the second stanza he explains things that contributed to his collapse With crumps and lice and lack of rum crumps are the constant loud noise of the shell bursts with deafened some soldiers. However, the main thing in this stanza was In winter trenches, cowed and glum, in this line Sassoon tells us that the soldier is in winter warfare, we have already seen the effect of winter wafare in Owens poem Exposure . Then in the end of the second stanza Sassoon shocks you by describing the soldiers suicide very bluntly He shot a bullet through his brain. No one spoke of him again. when I read this line it made me sit up and think. Sassoon uses asteristiers to give you a moment to think. Then he attacks you with You smug-faced crowds with kindeling eye . Then he ends this stanza in saddness which I think works very well due to the contrast with the rest of the poem Sneak home and pray youll never know The hell where youth and laughter go. In this last stanza Sassoon is expressing his anger mainly towards the people back in Britian who pressure the soldiers into going to warfare without having any idea of the realities of war.

Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Essay -- Shyam Selvadu

Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Woman is not born: she is made. She becomes the symbol of this and that: mother of the earth, slut of the universe and in the making, her humanity is destroyed. ~Andrea Dworkin Patriarchy is a universal system in which women are dominated. Women, in continents as diverse as Iran and China, have been subjugated through social measures such as female circumcision and bound feet. Yet as Andrea Dworkin so neatly stated, subjugation often takes more devious forms, through the stereotyping of gender roles, attempts to â€Å"fix† women by stereotyping them as spineless â€Å"natural homemakers† or monstrous hideous figures and thereby justifying patriarchy as through stereotyping men as having more initiative and intelligence. This devious method of subjugating women is similarly reproduced in Shyam Selvandurai’s â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly†. Although it is ostensibly about a boy’s childhood, I believe that it reinforces patriarchy through the skilful use of characterization, filters, narrators and setting. Before explicating my argument, I would like to clarify a few key terms I have borrowed mostly from Seymour Chatman in analyzing the story. The only exception, characterization, is E.M. Forster’s concept of round and flat characters where flat characters are predictable because they are dominated by a single trait unlike round characters with multiple, sometimes conflicting traits dominating their personality. Filter, here, is used to denote what is commonly known as a character’s point of view. Narrator-characters are characters that function as characters and narrators or otherwise known as first person narrators. It is fascinating to note that the narrator and filter through whom the story u... ...chal constructions of â€Å"correct† female and male behaviour by appealing to natural laws (â€Å"Because the sky is so high and pigs can’t fly†). Arjie’s unhappiness, however, shows implicit criticism of patriarchy as it cannot satisfy him. It is therefore evident that â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly† is not a simple story about a child’s growing up process. Its adept use of various elements of discourse pushes it beyond a simple narrative into the realm of a mature narrative whose ambiguous meanings (over its support for patriarchy) mirrors a world of uncertainty with no absolutes governing. The story’s refusal to pigeonhole itself is for me, a source of beauty and complexity. Works Cited Selvadurai, Shyam. "Pigs Can't Fly." Funny Boy. New York: Vintage, 1995: 1-40. Chatman, Seymour. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1978. Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Essay -- Shyam Selvadu Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Woman is not born: she is made. She becomes the symbol of this and that: mother of the earth, slut of the universe and in the making, her humanity is destroyed. ~Andrea Dworkin Patriarchy is a universal system in which women are dominated. Women, in continents as diverse as Iran and China, have been subjugated through social measures such as female circumcision and bound feet. Yet as Andrea Dworkin so neatly stated, subjugation often takes more devious forms, through the stereotyping of gender roles, attempts to â€Å"fix† women by stereotyping them as spineless â€Å"natural homemakers† or monstrous hideous figures and thereby justifying patriarchy as through stereotyping men as having more initiative and intelligence. This devious method of subjugating women is similarly reproduced in Shyam Selvandurai’s â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly†. Although it is ostensibly about a boy’s childhood, I believe that it reinforces patriarchy through the skilful use of characterization, filters, narrators and setting. Before explicating my argument, I would like to clarify a few key terms I have borrowed mostly from Seymour Chatman in analyzing the story. The only exception, characterization, is E.M. Forster’s concept of round and flat characters where flat characters are predictable because they are dominated by a single trait unlike round characters with multiple, sometimes conflicting traits dominating their personality. Filter, here, is used to denote what is commonly known as a character’s point of view. Narrator-characters are characters that function as characters and narrators or otherwise known as first person narrators. It is fascinating to note that the narrator and filter through whom the story u... ...chal constructions of â€Å"correct† female and male behaviour by appealing to natural laws (â€Å"Because the sky is so high and pigs can’t fly†). Arjie’s unhappiness, however, shows implicit criticism of patriarchy as it cannot satisfy him. It is therefore evident that â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly† is not a simple story about a child’s growing up process. Its adept use of various elements of discourse pushes it beyond a simple narrative into the realm of a mature narrative whose ambiguous meanings (over its support for patriarchy) mirrors a world of uncertainty with no absolutes governing. The story’s refusal to pigeonhole itself is for me, a source of beauty and complexity. Works Cited Selvadurai, Shyam. "Pigs Can't Fly." Funny Boy. New York: Vintage, 1995: 1-40. Chatman, Seymour. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1978.

Colonial Girls School

The poem opens with the phrase, â€Å"Borrowed images/willed our skin pale†, which is an allusiin to many teenaged school girls bleaching their skins with different creams and soaps to become a lighter complexion. The poem as a whole focuse on the rejection of one's color to a more favoured one, emphasised to them by the outer one. Borrowed images from the first world countries, where white is emphasised as better or more beautiful. It also focused on the image of girls' ‘dekinked' hair, yet another image of them rejecting their blackness for a more favourable image, that of white through chemicals to straighten their hair.The poem is one from a formerly colonized country which focuses on the fact that for years, their teachers have only taught them American, British and other aspects of European countries and â€Å"nothing about us at all. † They were taught Latin and SHakespeare, but nothing of their own language and were punished if they used it, but were to ta lk like little madrigals in a choir with the hills and valleys in their tonage, rejecting their baser language.They were taugh of the landscapes of other countries, of kings and queens of England, wheatfields of Canada and Steppes of Russia, but nothing of their own heritage or landscape. Mention of Marcus Garvey and 1838 and the fight for desegregation and the equal rights was mentioned as a beacon in black history, Little Rock, Congo, Lumumba, etc, all aspects of foreigh history, but nothing of their own fight for black empowerment. The writer alludes to a day being able to tell their own Anansi stories with pride, where â€Å"northern eyes in the brighter world before us† would seem pale. Muffled our laughter†, â€Å"willed our skins pale†, â€Å"lowered our voices†, â€Å"dekinked our hair†, â€Å"denied our sex in gym tunics†, â€Å"harnessed our voices to †¦ † and â€Å"yoked our minds† are all negative images.* To sh ow that Jamaicans continue to hold on to a system which deny their culture and race while elsewhere racial barriers are being destroyed. Marcus Garvey, who was famous for his pride in his race, would have been shocked to learn that his country has not yet thrown off the colonial chain. â€Å"†¦ kissed us awake† tells us that someone has given them new information which so alerted them that they threw off the negative images. This was done calmly, gently and lovingly. Examine the word ‘kiss' and you will see that whoever brought the change must have cared, must have confronted them after establishing a close relationship. * The last four lines reveal that with their new found knowledge, the girls no longer find pale skins attractive, no longer yearn to be pale themselves.

Improvised, Electronic, Device Essay

Always expanding and reconstructing electronic and industrial music to its breaking point while keeping rhythm and melody intact, FRONT LINE ASSEMBLY are preparing to unleash the latest chapter in their storied history with the release of IMPROVISED. ELECTRONIC. DEVICE. on June 25, 2010 on Dependent. â€Å"I. E. D. is definitely furthering the direction of the band and sound, creatively and artistically,† explains founder and mastermind behind FLA, Bill Leeb. â€Å"We’re finding new ways to make sound. A hearty and robust album thick with a hybrid of electronics and guitars, I. E. D. takes their trademark sound and beefs it up with metallic guitars and stylized industrial beats. Kicking off with the adrenaline-infused title track, it’s apparent that this is a new and improved FLA. â€Å"This is the first time in Front Line history that we did a track in a 5/4 signature,† explains Bill. â€Å"Chris [Peterson, keyboards] was pushing for more diversity, challenging the band to do something different. We wanted this track to be as challenging and complex as the world we live in as there are no easy answers. † From the electronic bounce of â€Å"Hostage† to the dark metal of â€Å"Release† to the ambient and atmospheric closing track, â€Å"Downfall,† I. E. D. is an album rife with the FLA’s brand of intelligent dance music. The first single â€Å"Shifting Through the Lens† is the most danceable track FLA has created in the last decade and came together quite naturally. Jeremy [Inkel, keyboards] came up with the original sequence for the verse and chorus and, right away, I really liked what I heard,† Bill explains. â€Å"It really brings together a lot of the different aspects of industrial and electronic that we all like. † The inimitable Al Jourgensen (Ministry, Revolting Cocks) guests on the sonic industrial onslaught of â€Å"Stupidity,† which Bill describes as, â€Å"inspired by the Ministry album The Last Sucker. J eremy was on tour with his other band Left Spine Down supporting RevCo and he get to know Al really well. We’re really excited to have him on it! † Adds Jeremy, â€Å"Not only did Al agree to do the vocals, but he got his hands dirty with the production and mixed the whole song in his studio in El Paso. † Formed in 1986 when Bill left Skinny Puppy, FLA are still as vital and energetic as ever. With US and European tours planned for Summer and Fall 2010, they’re gearing up for their legendary epic live performances. â€Å"We’re quite excited [to tour],† Bill adds. â€Å"We feel we have grown as a band over the last four years. We really eel this new album will sound great live and can’t wait to get out there and be creative with it! † Silver Recovery Canisters for Used X-ray Fixer in Dental Offices Using silver recovery units for the management of used fixer only makes economic and practical sense if the flow of used fixer is at least 2-3 gallons per week. Most dental offices generate a gallon or less of used fixer per month; not enou gh flow to make on site silver recovery cost-effective, due to the cost of buying and periodic replacement of the two required units. Such minimal flow also allows the steel wool in the recovery units to rust between uses, making the units ineffective in as little as 6 months after first use. Setting up two silver recovery canisters in a series can range from $200 to $1,700. Operating, changeover, and testing costs can add an additional $150-$300 annually. Most dental offices only generate ? to 1 gallon of used fixer per month, making proper on-site silver recovery not very cost-effective. Hazardous Waste Services Directory is a database that offers a list of companies that can help you to manage silver waste

Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Essays

Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Essays Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Paper Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Paper The epithelial surfaces of the organic structure service as an effectual barrier against most micro-organisms, and they are quickly repaired if wounded. Adaptive unsusceptibility is initiated when an innate immune response fails to extinguish a new infection, whereby an activated antigen showing cells ( APCs ) bearing pathogen s antigens are delivered to the run outing lymphoid tissues. An adaptative immune response differs from the innate unsusceptibility in its ability to aim constructions that are specific to peculiar strains and discrepancies of pathogen. T cells are produced in the bone marrow. They are transported still, as pro-thymocytes to the Thymus where they undergo the procedure of ripening and choice. The ordinance of T cell ripening in the Thymus is termed central tolerance . During gestation, most T cells generated bear the gamma/deta T cell receptor ( TcR ) on their surface. In the grownup, most T cells bear the alpha/beta TcR. The freshly formed TcR so, has to be tested for acknowledgment of self-MHC/peptide. The T cells are tested at a phase of development known as dual positive, intending that they bear both CD4 and CD8 receptors on their surface. Cells with TcRs that recognize self-MHC/peptide with really low affinity will decease. This procedure is known as decease by disregard. Cells with TcRs with medium affinity for MHC receive endurance signals and undergo a procedure known as positive choice. Finally, cells which receive a high affinity signal via their TcR dice by programmed cell death, a procedure known as neg ative choice. Cells that interact with MHC category I become CD8 positive T cell, and those that interact with MHC category II become CD4 positive T cells, before migrating out into the peripheral lymphoid system ( Wood P, 2006 ) . Mature B cells, like T cell, are besides develop signifier pluripotent root cells. However unlike T cells lymphocytes, B cell ripening occurs in the bone marrow. There are four different phases of B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, immature B, and mature B cells. During its development, B cells get B cell surface marker look such as B220, CD19, CD20, etc. every bit good as antigen receptors. The stromal cells run alonging the bone marrow provide indispensable growing signals to developing B cells, including cytokines such as IL7 and cell to cell contact, via VLA4/VCAM and Kit/SCF. During B cell development, cistron section rearrangements take topographic point, merely like in T cells where TcR rearrangements ( cardinal tolerance ) besides occur. However, for B cells, the Ig heavy concatenation cistron venue ( variable-V, joining-J and diversity-D sections ) , situated on chromosome 14, rearranges. In hematopoietic root cells, the Ig heavy concatenation cistrons are in germline constel lation ( Kurosaki T et al. , 2009 ) . As B cells develop to pro-B cells, a D-J recombination is the first cistron rearrangement to take topographic point. The intervening Deoxyribonucleic acid is usually deleted from the chromosome as a circle. Gene rearrangements are mediated by recombinase activitng cistrons, RAG proteins. As the development B cell returns from pro- to pre-B cell phase, a V-DJ cistron agreement takes topographic point to organize the VDJ cryptography block that encodes the variable sphere on the antibody heavy concatenation. Gene rearrangement takes topographic point on both transcripts of chromosome 14 in a development B cell, but one time a productive VDJ block has been assembled on one chromosome 14, rearrangement ceases on the other chromosome, guaranting merely one type of Ig is produced by any individual B cell. This procedure is known as allelomorphic exclusion. If a development B cell fails to do a productive VDJ block, it will neglect to bring forth antib ody heavy concatenation and dice in the bone marrow ( Murphy K et Al, 2008 ) . T and B cell activation: T cell activation takes topographic point in run outing lymph nodes ( besides spleen ) near to site of infection. T cell recognizes antigen on MHC ( Major Histocompatibility Complex ) molecules becomes activated and differentiates to effector cells. Effector T cells migrate to site of infection and transport out effector maps. The T lymphocytes arrive through venulas, and cross through the endothelial to the lymph nodes. Antigen showing cells such ( APC ) such as dendritic cells, and macrophages presented antigens to T cells. On acknowledgment of the antigen, a low affinity interaction is formed. These T cells so leave lymph node though the lymphatic system. Those T cells that recognize the antigen s wall with high affinity will be retained and the procedure of proliferation and distinction occurs. However, initial B cell activation takes topographic point in T cell zone of secondary lymphatic tissues ( i.e. in lyhmph nodes ) . Mostly IgM bring forthing plasma cells are produced at t his province. B cells, unlike T cells, are activated by the ineraction with antigen-specific T cell, by linked acknowledgment. Antigen-activated B cell migrates to B cell country of lymph nodes to organize organized originative Centres, where extra B cell distinction procedures take topographic point. It is of import to observe that T cells recognize the peptide, while B cells recognize the coat protein. For T and B lymph cell activation 2 signals are hypothesized to be required. First, the antigen stimulus signal and secondly, the co-stimulatory stimulation. The absence of the 2nd signal consequences in anergy or programmed cell death. CD28/B7 interaction is the co-stimulatory signals for T cells while CD40/CD40 ligand, on the activated T cells, interaction is for B cells. For both T and B lymph cells, in it resting G0 cell rhythm, the cell appear to hold a big karyon, with small cytol and demo small grounds of cell organs. However, when these cells enter G1/S/G2 cell rhythm, cell shows an addition in cell size, chromatin de-condensation is seen. Cell division occurs quickly, bring forthing effecter cells of either T or B lymph cells. Effector T cells include Th1, Th2 and T regulative, every bit good as T cytotoxic cell and memory T cells. On the other manus, effecter B cells include plasma cell and memory B cell. T and B cell effecter maps: B cell response to T-dependent protein antigen consequences in originative Centres formation in B cell countries of lymph nodes, and specialised procedures such as Ig class-switching, bodily mutant and affinity ripening, memory B cell and plasma cell coevals take topographic point at that place. Emerging form originative Centres are somatically mutated and class-switched B cells, which no longer merely bring forth IgM. Memory B cells are durable, resting and re-circulating cells, responsible for immunisation portion which helpto generate rapid and vigorous immune response on 2nd brush for that specific antigen. Plamablast cells migrate to other sites such as bone marrow, and go plasma cells, bring forthing big sums of secreted antibody. Some of which can populate for long periods. The effecter maps of B cells refer to what antibodies do after their contact with the antigen. The antibody effecter maps include neutralisation, complement arrested development ( IgM, IgG1/2/3 ) , oposoniz ation and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, T cell effecter maps differ significantly from B cell effecter maps. Antigen showing cells present peptide via MHC which can either interact with CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Helper T cells are defined by the cytokines they produce. Naive CD4+ T cells ( Th0 ) , on interaction with APC, can distinguish to Th1 or Th2 cells, depending on the cytokine environment. Th1 cells co-ordinate inflammatory immune responses to intracellular pathogens while Th2 cells aid B cells to do antibodies required for immune responses to extracellular pathogens, this is known as humoral unsusceptibility. Th1 and Th2 cells both act to advance the coevals of more leucocytes. Besides Th0/Th1/Th2, other CD4+ T cell subsets exist ( Zhu J et al. , 2010 ) . Resting T cells can distinguish into activated assistant T cell, every bit good as activated cytotoxic T cell ( CD8+ T cell ) . Initially, CD8+ T cells interact with possible mark cells via low affinity/non-specific interactions between adhesion molecules on the T cell ( LFA-1 and CD2 ) and the mark cell ( ICAM1, ICAM2 ) . This interaction has no consequence on the cytoskeleton of the T cell and is a transeunt interaction unless acknowledgment of specific peptide: MHC composites occurs. If peptide: MHC I complex is present, the affinity of the adhesion molecule interaction additions and there is constellating of T cell receptor and associated molecules at the point of contact with the mark cell organizing the immunological synapse. This besides signals for cytoskeletal rearrangements organized by the microtubule forming complex which focuses the cytotoxic granules of the T cell at the point of contact with the mark. Notice here, that T cells, unlike B cells do non bring forth antibodies against antigens. Granules incorporating perforin and other enzymes including granzymes are released and bring on the activation of the cathepsin tracts in the mark cell taking to apoptosis. CD8+ T cells can besides kill mark cells via the Fas/FasL t ract which besides induces programmed cell death ( Peter EJ 2007 ) . In decision, adaptative immune responses occur when single lymphocytes capable of reacting to antigen proliferate and differentiate to go an antigen-specific effecter cells and memory cells. The procedure of lymph cell cell rhythm patterned advance, proliferation and distinction in response to antigen and stimulation is known as lymphocyte activation. B cell activation is initiated by the ligation of the B cell receptor ( BCR ) with antigen and finally consequences in the production of protective antibodies against potentially infective encroachers. While naif or memory T cells encounter foreign antigen along with proper co-stimulation they undergo rapid and extended clonal enlargement. In human, this type of proliferation is reasonably alone to cells of the adaptative immune system and requires a considerable outgo of energy and cellular resources.

Developing Branding Strategies

Developing Branding Strategies Free Online Research Papers Developing branding strategies to position a brand, even in the time of recession :: A Global Perspective. Brand strategy is aimed at influencing people’s perception of a brand in such a way that they are persuaded to act in a certain manner, e.g. buy and use the products and services offered by the brand, purchase these at higher price points, donate to a cause. In addition, most brand strategies aim to persuade people to buy, use, and donate again by offering them some form of gratifying experience. As branding is typically an activity that is undertaken in a competitive environment, the aim is also to persuade people to prefer the brand to competition. A global brand needs to provide relevant meaning and experience to people across multiple societies. To do so, the brand strategy needs to be devised that takes account of the brand’s own capabilities and competencies, the strategies of competing brands, and the outlook of consumers (including business decision makers) which has been largely formed by experiences in their respective societies. There are four broad brand strategy areas that can be employed. (1) Brand Domain. Brand domain specialists are experts in one or more of the brand domain aspects (products/services, media, distribution, solutions). A brand domain specialist tries to pre-empt or even dictate particular domain developments. This requires an intimate knowledge, not only of the technologies shaping the brand domain, but also of pertinent consumer behaviour and needs. The lifeblood of a brand domain specialist is innovation and creative use of its resources. A brand domain specialist is like a cheetah in the Serengeti preying on impala and gazelle. The cheetah is a specialist hunter with superior speed to chase, and the claws and teeth to kill these animals. The cheetah is also very familiar with the habits of its prey. It finds ways of approaching, singling out and capturing its prey. The cheetah is one of the most accomplished of hunters within the wild cat species; it catches up to 70% of prey that it hunts. (2) Brand Reputation. Brand reputation specialists use or develop specific traits of their brands to support their authenticity, credibility or reliability over and above competitors. A brand reputation specialist needs to have some kind of history, legacy or mythology. It also needs to be able to narrate these in a convincing manner, and be able to live up to the resulting reputation. A brand reputation specialist has to have a very good understanding of which stories will convince consumers that the brand is in some way superior. A brand reputation specialist is like a horse. It can be pure-bred, have a certain nobility and bearing, and exhibit qualities that can be traced back to these (e.g. grace, speed, temperament, looks). Like a horse, the brand reputation specialist can also thrive on association with celebrities. (3) Brand Affinity. Brand affinity specialists bond with consumers based on one or more of a range of affinity aspects. A brand affinity specialist needs to outperform competition in terms of building relationships with consumers. This means that a brand affinity specialist needs to have a distinct appeal to consumers, be able to communicate with them affectively, and provide an experience that reinforces the bonding process. A brand affinity specialist is like a pet dog. A dog is generally considered to be man’s best friend, due to its affection, its obedience, its loyalty, the status and the protection it provides to its owners. Different kinds of dogs will command a different form of affection. (4) Brand Recognition. Brand recognition specialists distinguish themselves from competition by raising their profiles among consumers. The brand recognition specialist either convinces consumers that it is somehow different from competition, as is the case for niche brands, or rises above the melee by becoming more well-known among consumers than competition. The latter is particularly important in categories where brands have few distinguishing features in the minds of consumers. In some cases, a brand recognition specialist needs to be able to outspend competition to gain unbeatable levels of awareness. In other cases, a brand recognition specialist needs to convince a loyal following of consumers that it is unique. A recognition specialist is like a peacock. Most of us will know little about birds, but we can recognise a peacock from a large distance. We may not know its precise qualities, but if we were to choose between birds we are more likely to plump for a peacock than for a more ordinary specimen, because of its beauty and presence. THE BRAND ENVIRONMENT A brand operates in a space that is defined by its own company or organisation, its competitors, and the societies where it operates. There are both internal and external factors that influence how a brand is finally perceived and experienced by consumers. Internal Factors Factors that are internal to a brand’s company or organisation can be categorised as being strategy-related, performance-related and stemming from the brand’s past. The strategy-related factors are those that derive from the business strategy and the marketing strategy. There is a strategy hierarchy, whereby business strategy takes the lead, guiding brand strategy. Brand strategy in its turn guides marketing strategy. The business strategy is aimed at achieving particular consumer behaviour. Only if consumers actually purchase, use (more often), pay a higher price or donate (more) will objectives of a business strategy be met. These objectives may include a larger market share, increased returns, higher margins and increased shareholder value. Brands are designed to persuade consumers to exhibit the behaviour that will make these objectives come true for the organisation. Thus the influence of business strategy upon brand strategy is direct and compelling. The marketing strategy aims to translate the brand strategy into actual products or services, with a specific price, to be sold at specific outlets, to be promoted through specific communications activities and channels, and to be supported by specific service. The influence of the marketing strategy is thus indirect in that the correct translation of the brand into the marketing mix determines whether consumers get the correct impression of the brand. The performance-related factors are dependent upon the marketing implementation, i.e. the actual production and delivery of the products and services, their accompanying messages to consumers, and the actual product or service experience. The implementation eventually determines whether consumers experience what the brand strategy set out to provide. The marketing implementation may make or break a brand at the moment that is of most importance to consumers: e.g. when they actually experience the brand through advertising, promotions, purchase, usage, and after-sales service. The factors that stem from the brand’s past are the brand’s internal legacy and its internal conventions. The brand’s internal legacy is about who have developed it, who have managed it over the years, and what the role of the brand has become for the organisation. This influences how management, staff, partners, distributors and shareholders view the brand and its future potential. It may prove difficult to change such perceptions once a brand has been slotted into a specific position. The internal conventions of an organisation are such issues as how things are typically done, support systems, what the culture is like, who has the power to decide, who has the power to frustrate decisions, the structure of the organisation, its policies, and its (other) activities. For a global brand, such influencing factors exist at central as well as at local levels. More often than not, there are tensions between central and local a s specific factors work in opposite directions, and people within the organisation have different agendas for the brand. External Factors External influences upon a brand strategy come mainly from three quarters: competition, consumers and media. These external influences will vary between the markets and societies where a brand operates. Therefore, these influences need to be determined locally. When a brand is introduced into a foreign society, it will encounter particular brand strategies that are being practiced by competitive brands. Unless competitors are very complacent, head-on confrontations with them are generally not the best way of winning the hearts and minds of consumers. It is, therefore, important to determine competitors. Brand strategies and to find ways of flanking established competition by choosing an alternative strategy. Category conventions are the unwritten rules that govern the way in which products or services are designed, advertised, distributed, serviced, priced, experienced, etc. Challenging such conventions may provide a brand with a competitive advantage. It is imperative that such a challenge has value to consumers and that they are willing to go along with the challenge. This is only the case if the particular convention is no longer rock solid. Such opportunities emerge when competition is complacent and underestimates the effects of the challenge. An example is the advent of on-line share trading, which became possible due to the combined development of the Internet and the popularisation of shareholding. Established stockbrokers failed to respond adequately to the challenge to their conventional mode of operations and thus lost a lot of their business to Charles Swab cum sues. Cultural conventions determine how people in a society interact, what they believe, how they make decisions and what meanings they attach to certain representations. Cultures are not static, but develop through intergenerational and interpersonal learning and experience. A cultural convention can be challenged if it is already losing its value to consumers and is ready to be replaced by something new. Therefore, one needs to be on the lookout for such cultural shifts. Once identified, it becomes a matter of deciding whether the challenge will be of perceived value to consumers and will provide competitive advantage. Needs conventions determine the forms in which consumer’s needs are manifested. Human needs are not universal and neither is the importance placed upon each need. However, the major differences lie in the manner in which a need is articulated or the form of a solution that is provided to a need. For example, although there is a general need for nutrition, there are considerable differences between societies with regard to which foodstuffs are acceptable for specific meals. Not to mention foods that are totally unacceptable to specific societies, as witnessed by the controversy over the consumption of dog meat during the upcoming world cup soccer finals in Korea. The media can seriously affect a brand strategy in a positive or a negative manner. In some developing countries foreign brands are promoted by the media as examples of modernity, while in others these same brands may be portrayed as the vanguards of a foreign domination. Particularly, bad news about brands can spread like wild fire across boarder, as Coke found out in Belgium, where the outsides of some bottles were contaminated with a fungicide, causing a health scare. Benefits of brand strategies Branding, once the brand is established, should create an increase in profitability and customer acquisition and retention, so there’s every reason to kick-start it early in the process as long as the products are good enough to sustain the brand promise, of course. Branding creates highly visible success stories which encourage other companies to follow suit, more enthusiastically and faster than they otherwise would. Brands are the rock stars of commerce, and create many fans, both at home and abroad. Branding creates expectations of product quality which the manufacturer has to work twice as hard to maintain: this accelerates the development of a first world-style approach to both quality control and innovation. Putting your own brand name on your products â€Å"raises the bar†. Examples of single companies in the West tend to show that the companies that understand the importance of brand early on in their growth - and practise it well and build their corporate strategy around it - are often the ones which grow fastest. Having a powerful brand - even if it is merely in strategic form, without solid customer recognition yet behind it - makes companies more powerful. They are perceived by investors, competitors, suppliers and other businesses as more valuable, and carry more weight in all kinds of negotiations. Potential value, if it is clearly reasoned and intelligently planned, is universally recognized as real value; strategy, creativity and ambition are universally recognized as indicators of potential. Building a global image If we’re talking about branding a product and the product is good, if you have the distribution and marketing, if you have the money - and it does cost money - then you can start building a global brand within a couple of years. If you are talking about the reputation of a country, it depends very much from what base you are starting. If you are starting from a strongly negative base, then I would normally say 15 to 20 years, but things are changing so fast these days that it might be 10 to 15 years. If you are a transition economy, and things are going pretty well for you anyway, it could be achieved in 5 to 10 years. In all of these cases, the brand image is never changed by spending huge amounts of money on logos, slogans and advertising campaigns but by having a good strategy and investing in change. In the end it comes down to creating a culture of innovation in the public and private sectors. The 9 characteristics of a brand A strong brand is defined and characterized by the following 9 dimensions: 1. A brand drives shareholder value 2. The brand is led by the boardroom and managed by brand marketers with an active buy-in from all stakeholders 3. The brand is a fully integrated part of the entire organisation aligned around multiple touch points 4. The brand can be valued in financial terms and must reside on the asset side of the balance sheet 5. The brand can used as collateral for financial loans and can be bought and sold as an asset 6. Customers are willing to pay a substantial and consistent price premium for the brand versus a competing product and service 7. Customers associate themselves strongly with the brand, its attributes, values and personality, and they fully buy into the concept which is often characterized by a very emotional and intangible relationship (higher customer loyalty) 8. Customers are loyal to the brand and would actively seek it and buy it despite several other reasonable and often cheaper options available (higher customer retention rate) 9. A brand is a trademark and marquee (logo, shape, colour etc) which is fiercely and pro-actively protected by the company and its legal advisors Suggestions for  Recession Proof Branding Fix the fundamentals The current conditions are a ‘wake-up call’ for marketing, forcing teams to become much more business-savvy and bottom-line focused. This is how marketing always should have been run, these fundamentals have in many cases been forgotten. Follow the money One of the most important mottos is ‘follow the money’. It is more relevant than ever today. It means cutting the bull**** and buzzwords, and being much more business savvy. Brand teams should be crystal clear about which growth drivers marketing activity will focus on, such as increasing trial or weight of purchase. It also requires more rigour than before in assessing the effectiveness of marketing activities once they are in market. Interestingly, several of the marketing directors we interviewed were building a team of in-house experts working on measuring return-on-investment (ROI), rather than relying on their advertising or media agency to do this for them. Sharpen your vision In today’s tough time you need a razor-sharp brand positioning, and crystal clear portrait of your target consumer. Clearly positioned brands have a much better chance of cutting through the clutter of price-cutting messages, and survive the threat of cheaper competition. Smart brands are sticking to their vision, but adapting their message in line with the needs of consumers to save money. Hit the right price Focusing on hitting the right price is the point. Consumers are paying more attention to prices on shelf, just as raw material costs are pushing prices up. Rise above a key price-point, and they’ll switch. Cut costs, not corners Another opportunity is marketing process efficiency. Better briefing can save valuable time, and budget. Kill the dwarves Tough times are forcing more ruthless focus. It’s time to kill the ‘dwarves’, cute but small new products that eat up valuable time and resources; or at the minimum cut their marketing support so they die a natural death. Budgets and people can they be focused on driving growth of ‘hero’ products that drive i) significant business growth and ii) desired changes in brand image. We expect to see a cull of many new launches where brands have strayed from their core business and taken on big competitors with big marketing budgets, without having a clear point of difference and compelling value proposition. Grow the core Today’s tough times made growing the core an imperative. In most cases this core business is both the most profitable, and the one where the brand has the most authority, and so the best ability to defend itself from attack. MORE BANGS FOR YOUR BUCK Pressure on marketing budgets will only increase over the next couple of years. Boards will freeze or even cut marketing investment, despite all the studies showing that this is bad in the long run. But they’ll still expect the sales forecast to be delivered. The only way to do this is to get more bang for your marketing buck. Be brave, make waves Now is the time to work your brand idea hard to create ‘PR-able’ marketing ideas. Brave ideas that generate free publicity allow you to maximise your budget’s impact. Everything must sell Every bit of the brand (e.g. packaging, websites, secondary packaging) can be used to actively encourage existing users to use more. Packvertising How many packs a year do you sell? For many companies this runs into the millions. And that’s several million bits of free media space, or ‘packvertising’, that you can use for free. For example, packs can be used to cross-sell, as done by Pantene, using its shampoo and conditioner packs to cross-sell the brand’s new styling range. Simple, but effective as it is placing a message at exactly the moment when hair styling is done – after you wash your hair. This can even work on small packs. Fuel your fan clubs The smartest companies we talked to are using two under-utilised sales forces to help grow their brands. The first sales force is loyal users of the brand. With a bit of effort you could increase their effectiveness in spreading positive word-of-mouth about your brand, and research has shown that this can increase the efficiency of your marketing budget by 40%. Like Sunsilk has created its own fan club by the name ‘Gang of Girls’ to make the girls more brand conscious and bring a sense of self belongingness towards the product. Share the pain or entertain Many of our marketing directors highlighted the need to get closer than ever to consumers during tough times, to maintain and even strengthen their bond with the brand. The most obvious way to do this is by ‘sharing the pain’ by pro-actively helping people through the hard times, and showing you care. Low-priced brands are of course well-placed to do this. Like Mc Donald has its punch line like ‘purane zamane ke daam’. This makes the consumer think if the prices are low and its cheap to buy they would refer it to the other members of the family. Recession: A perfect time to build your brand? Sounds strange doesn’t it? But it is true! A financial downturn is the perfect time to build your brand and reinforce it with your target demographic as well as expand your audience. It may sound counter-intuitive but when people are not spending money is usually the best time to get them to learn about who you are. In a time of tight finances people are far more wary about what they spend their money on. We all do it. It is a very logical and financially responsible thing to do. However, from a business perspective that kind of thinking is the perfect mentality required for brand building. People are studying products more intensely than they normally would simply because they want to wisely spend their hard earned money. So, you as a business owner should be pumping your brand more and working harder to make your presence know. People will study your brand more intensely when they are watching their wallets. Notice sales haven’t been mentioned once. That’s because your objective should shift during a recession. You should focus more of your energy and money on building the public awareness about your product and its existence. With people focusing so intently on each and every little thing they buy you should take advantage of that mentality in your advertising and marketing plans. It is not necessary by spending more money on advertising but your approach to it should change. If you’re not involved in social networking this is the perfect time to get into it. Let people know you’re out there and you offer a fantastic product or service they can keep in mind once things get rolling. If someone sees your product and studies it more in-depth than they normally would you have a rare opportunity to gain a foothold in their conscience and become a brand they are familiar with when the financial tides turn. It is advisable new companies to launch new products and ad campaigns during financial downturns simply because people are more likely to study your product and collateral than they normally would. It most likely won’t translate to immediate sales but you will see them when people have money to spend. Don’t think you have to stop or even cut back your advertising and marketing, just take a different approach and take advantage of the mindset of the market. Research Papers on Developing Branding StrategiesA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantConflict Resolution TacticsGene One the Transition from Private to PublicInternational PaperDefinition of Export QuotasCash or Card?Genetic EngineeringFalse AdvertisingDistance Learning Survival GuideGap Analysis: Lester Electronics

International Business Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Business Master - Case Study Example Customers are not just people outside a corporation. It can be the people at the upper crust of an organization, or the employees. In fact, Mountain Equipment Co-op's customers are also the members (part-owners) of the co-op. Since the market for the co-op's products is unique, it needs to ensure quality, which increase value of the product for the customer. Therefore, the co-op uses extreme care to select its range of products to be manufactured. It wants the suppliers to provide products that are both functional and durable. Furthermore, the co-op offers a lifetime guarantee of its products to make the customers feel that the maintenance of the equipment is the duty of Mountain Equipment Co-op. This increases value for the customer because the customer no longer has to worry about the cost of repair of the equipment. Furthermore, the co-op also offers its members to trade their equipment online or through attending a seasonal trade session (n.d.). Moreover, the co-op values human r ights and business practices in the light of ethics. It continuously strives to protect human rights by inspecting factories where its products are manufactured. Inspection involves working conditions, worker benefits, and worker pay. Since the customers really value fair business, the co-op utilizes this opportunity to satisfy its members by giving a portion of their sales revenue to human rights groups. The co-op also uses an environmentally safe heating and air-conditioning system at its Ottawa outlet, indicating the co-op growing concerns about the environment. Moreover, the co-op continues to provide exceptional service to its customers through training. As mentioned before, this is a unique market and new outdoor freaks might not know how to use the equipment. This is an added value for the product because the customer knows that training would be provided to utilize the product to its fullest. The co-op is also using support activities to increase its member tally and revenue . For example, the co-op is constantly monitoring latest technology in the industry to develop the most advanced products, high quality products, and environmentally safe products. The most important value activity which the co-op uses is the power of its members to have a say in the co-op's operations and running. The co-op has 2.5 million members who are part-owners of the company, and have a say at the company's meeting. This activity attracts potential members and customers, and they can run the co-op according to what satisfies their needs. Q2: What is the co-op's generic strategy Describe it. Mountain Equipment Co-op generic strategy is the cost strategy. Mountain Equipment Co-op aims to achieve growth through a series of cost cutting measures and cost reductions. Firstly, Mountain Equipment Co-op has a loyal customer base, and they use this strong factor to bargain for reasonable prices from suppliers. Due to the high bargaining power of the co-op, suppliers have to give in. Furthermore, the mountain co-op has a small workforce. It strives to keep a small workforce through the concept of self-service at its outlets. This way, even the limited number of employees is happy because the co-op

Letter of Motivation in masters of public policy Essay

Letter of Motivation in masters of public policy - Essay Example As a responsible citizen I would like to participate in the process of addressing delicate questions of internet regulations, regarding protection of privacy, security and access of information. The main problem is the misuse of these media for crimes including terrorist activities. Thus, I personally feel that framing suitable public policies has become a matter of top priority in the modern world. My basic interest in this branch of academics stems from my realization of the problem in its right perspective. I further feel that I will be able to contribute to positive outcomes in this regard, if I can combine personal interest with academic knowledge. My keen interest in gaining in depth knowledge on this topic and my yearning to contribute to this field has bred in me the desire to pursue a Masters in Public Policy. I want to explore the possibilities ICT holds for improving information and service delivery. In order to achieve my objectives, a more pluralistic approach for internet governance is required. This will enable me to incorporate in my professional life an understanding of the different industries affecting public policy today. The MPP program, in its broad and contextually imbedded approach, would provide ample opportunities to develop and expand the necessary skill sets to understand technology driven governance. I am eager to develop an understanding of the complexity behind the questions of media globalization and to master the skills to analyse and employ this shift of power in modern democracies. I also expect the course to equip me with the ability to understand these two forces which are indispensable in the c reation of modern public policy. My degree in Global Communications and Business Administration from the American University of Paris, serves as a solid base. I chose this program to establish a broad perspective of cultural,