What makes a woman beautiful

Despite the movement of feminism, women in modern society are still seen as an object of beauty rather than given the respect of a human with emotions. As appearance Is considered an important quality In society today, women are placed under pressure to be physically appealing to both males and females. Women considered to be ‘hot' are generally those with a high sex-appeal or stunning physical appearance whereas being beautiful Is a lustrous characteristic not merely reliant on one's genes.Also, a bland or discourteous personality may override any physical appeal a woman may have. Likewise, a devoted, passionate and respectful personality can compensate for the lack of ‘perfect' features of a woman. However, people see beauty differently and completely relies on their individual interests. The physical appearance of a ‘hot' woman and the personality of a ‘beautiful' woman can't be compared. According to men, having large breasts, a glowing face and skin, bedr oom eyes, lean and sexy legs and a toned figure are among the physical attributes of an attractive woman .Therefore, virtually any woman can become ‘hot' simply by extreme diets, Intense exercise and plastic surgery. In turn, women focus on these ‘Important' attributes and forget Inner beauty. Inner beauty, difficult to appreciate with looks alone, Is what connects with people and Is referred to as that special something'. Being beautiful Is the way a woman walks, talks and presents herself to others. Some men believe having passion and being able to get excited over certain things, having the confidence to not owe her looks to anyone, not feeling the urge to fight for attention and being humble and mysterious is attractive.Intelligence of being able to logically speak her mind, have self-confidence, be impassioned and not crave the approval of others can be considered beautiful. Therefore, being beautiful is much more than a skin-deep quality, more like a unique quality to few. According to the urban Dictionary, being beautiful isn't limited to the physical features of a woman rather her personality traits and the way she acts around others. Beautiful Is a woman who has a distinctive personality, one who can laugh at anything, Including themselves, who Is especially kind and caring to others.She Is a woman who above all else knows the value of having fun, and not taking life o seriously. She is a woman that you can trust and count on to brighten your day. As the urban Dictionary is written by ordinary people, rather than language professionals, the meaning is relevant to society. Therefore, it proves society believes that beauty is a personality characteristic rather than a physical attribute. People Magazine's ‘sass's 10 most beautiful' beauty isn't limited to physical factors.Actress Gabrielle Union, who is among the 10 most beautiful, believes being beautiful consists of a friendly personality. As usual, the list consists of predominately stresses and models, and all of the women are physically appealing. However, every woman on the list believes that confidence and Individuality Is the key to beauty. They focus on themselves, their health and wellbeing and their confidence to ensure they are happy, which also contributes to their ‘perfect' physical appearance.These women are extremely fortunate in the aspect they have stunning physical features personalities are why they are considered in the list. However, the women mentioned in People Magazine's ‘sass's 10 most beautiful' are physically attractive as well as having appealing personalities. The magazine speculates possessing decent looks is needed to expose ones beautiful personality. The fact that physical appearance is highly regarded in modern society means a woman is pressured into craze diets and bizarre skin treatments to become reasonably attractive.Therefore, women seem to need a degree of physical attractiveness or be somewhat ‘hot' so t heir personality can be noticed and they can then be seen as beautiful. Most believe ‘beauty is in the eyes of the beholder' and is defined differently to each person. Everyone has a different interpretation of the meaning of beauty, whether it's merely physical or resonantly based or a mixture of both. Some believe that first appearances are important but not always critical. A physical attribute may lead to initial interaction but the woman's personality will maintain the attention of others.A woman with self- confidence and the ability to naturally attract the focus of those around her. She isn't selfish and has the passion to pursue her goals and ambitions. Certainly physical attributes are desired but a beautiful personality is more attractive than glossy hair or air-brushed makeup. Women who have shimmering hair, flawless skin, picture- reflect make-up and a glowing tan may have an uninteresting, horrible or obnoxious personality which dominates their attractive appearan ce.Although, a woman who doesn't chase the attention of others and has true self confidence and respect may become more an attractive personality as time passes. Hence, physical beauty becomes irrelevant to males if the personality of a woman is seen to be ugly. However, a woman may require rather good-looks otherwise her ‘beautiful' personality may not be recognized and appreciated. In conclusion, people perceive beauty differently which can make everyone seem ‘beautiful'.

Stanley in a Streetcar Named Desire

Laura Robertson Ms. Albertson English IV Honors 17 January 2012 A Streetcar Named Desire: Stanley Kowalski In the play A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams, an insensitive and cruel character named Stanley Kowalski is depicted. His juxtaposition to Stella Kowalski, his mild mannered and sensitive wife, accentuates his character flaws making them even more prominent and dramatic throughout the play. Through Stanley’s conflicts with Blanche DuBois and his rapist-like sexual advances, Stanley becomes the perfect villainous character, enabling the reader to sympathize with Stella and Blanche. With the violent scenes and the highly sexual content, Stanley is the center of all climactic events in A Streetcar Named Desire. Stanley’s aggressive nature even goes so far as domestic violence, where he savagely beats Stella and verbally abuses her on a regular basis. This is evident in many scenes. Just the presence of Stanley is enough to create fear and uneasiness for the people that surround him. Throughout the play A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams depicts Stanley Kowalski as a villain-like character with a mean streak and vicious personality which creates an uneasy environment due to his pugnacious lifestyle and insensitive demeanor. â€Å"The stage directions say that sex is the center of Stanley’s life. Being sexually attractive assures Stanley’s delusional rapist mind that his sexual advances are being welcomed† (Nagel 10). Stanley’s delusional mind makes him believe that his sexual brutality is respected and is a naturally accepted thing. Throughout the play, Stanley’s character is followed by sexual connotations and innuendos. A very vivid illustration of this starts at the very beginning of the play where â€Å"The vigorous physicality and the echo of his primitive nature, combined with the coarse sexual innuendo of his package of meat suggest passion close to the surface and introduce the audience to Stanley’s inner character† (Nagel 10). The bringing of the package of meat to Stella and how Stanley carelessly throws the heavy package to her even though she insists on not being able to catch it shows the brutal nature of his sexuality. The way the package is described as dripping with blood is used to over accentuate the graphic nature of the ordeal, foreshadowing sexual happenings that will occur later in the play. Another example of the graphic nature of Stanley’s sexual brutality is portrayed in the poker game in scene three. After Stella had fled to Eunice’s house and Stanley sorrowfully called to her the play states that Stella came down to him and they made animal noises together. This shows the animalistic behavior of Stanley and the unhealthy relationship between Stella and Stanley. Stanley is described as highly sexed in the play and when Stanley and Stella are together, they create a bond that Blanche can’t ever break† (Nagel 10). Though try as she might, Blanche’s attempts to keep Stella from Stanley are ultimately thwarted due to Stanley and Stella’s unhealthy bond with one another. In addition to Stanley’s savage and animalistic sexual advances his verbal abuse towards both Stella and Blanche even further assert him as a villainous character from the start to the finish of the play. Stanley is especially cruel to Blanche who he had an antagonistic feeling towards from the moment he met her. One of the first illustrations of Stanley’s harsh words is represented with his first argument with Blanche. â€Å"This first confrontation is over the loss of Belle Reve. Stanley’s composure vanishes and his vision becomes so distorted that he mistakes her cheap jewelry as ropes of pearls† (Nagel 10). When this confrontation occurs and Stanley’s composure becomes compromised when he realizes that Blanche had been telling the truth about losing the estate to the mortgage instead of selling it for profit and lashes out to compromise his mistake. Stanley could not stand the thought of being proved wrong by a woman like Blanche so he explodes into a fit of rage to cover up the pride he had lost in being wrong about Blanche. A particularly tense birthday dinner of Blanche leads to yet another episode of Stanley’s dangerous and violent fits of rage. After Stella scolded Stanley for eating like an animal, with his fingers, he erupts into a disastrous rage. â€Å"That’s how I’ll clear the table! (Seizes her arm) Don’t ever talk that way to me that way! ‘Pig-Polack-Disgusting-Vulgar-Greasy! ’—Them kind of words have been on your tongue and your sister’s too much around here! What do you think you are? A pair of queens? Remember what Huey Long said—‘Every man is a king! ’ and I am the king around here, so don’t you forget it† (Williams 107)! This outburst alone highlights the cruel and misogynistic ways of Stanley and further paints him in a negative and harsh light. Throughout the play A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams depicts Stanley Kowalski as a villain-like character with a mean streak and vicious personality which creates an uneasy environment due to his pugnacious lifestyle and insensitive demeanor. His juxtaposition to Stella Kowalski, his mild mannered and sensitive wife, accentuates his character flaws making them even more prominent and dramatic throughout the play. Through Stanley’s conflicts with Blanche DuBois and his rapist-like sexual advances, Stanley becomes the perfect villainous character, enabling the reader to sympathize with Stella and Blanche. Works Cited Nagel, James. â€Å"Critical Essays on Tennessee Williams. † Ed. Robert A. Martin. First Edition. New York, New York: G. K. Halland Co. , 1997 Williams, Tennessee. â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire. † New York, New York: New American Library, 1951. Pages 13-142.

Electrolux Case

Case Electrolux 1. Geographical (North America and Europe) and Demographical market segmentation: stage of family life cycle, size of household, age, marital status (reaching mums and dads who have children or planning to have in all the world) 2. It was supportive as Electrolux was always known as ‚Thinking of you‘. A company took a new approach (young families with babies) which was not taken by anyone before. It also gives a sense that company cares about their clients. The Electrolux baby brochure project fits to a company‘s overall strategy. . Electrolux chose not to send brochures directly but through different channels. At first, their target audience was intermediares and media. When the intermediares and media were concerned the company started to target: a) Networks which own and distribute new mother info and sample packs in hospital. b) Paediatric offices providing large volumes to paediatric associations, gynaecologists and daycare centres. c) Family or ganisations, planning centres. d) Retail chains for household appliances and chains for baby shops and supermarkets. ) Promo – team events. The target groups are chosen well as through these channels target group can be easily reached. Ideas for other channels: kindergardens, schools (people who are planning to have a second or more babies), public parks, social networks: Facebook, Twitter, Youtube; 4. Instruments by which Electrolux promoted brochures: f) Provide with appliances. g) Ad as a free bonus to magazine. h) Electronic format downloads on baby websites, chat sites, info sites.. ) Internal distribution to staff expecting a new baby. j) CD-Rom for journalists allowing to get all information and picture files. k) Children books. l) Sent directly if costumer order it. m) Worldwide distribution through Electrolux PR global network with an intention to adapt to local needs (translation of language). The instruments are good, that shows a result as well. Also there could o ther instruments such as: getting brochures with different bills, origami from brochures, 2011-10-25

Network Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Network Security - Essay Example But with this ease of information access comes the issue of security. With the increase of information flow, there has been an increase in the number of attacks on information by hackers. Attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks, Spoofs, Sniffing, etc. have increased with the increase in the availability of hacking tools which are free of cost. Valuable information is lost in the process. For example, if a customer buys a product of a particular organization through their web-site and a hacker presents himself as the organization and receives the money from the customer, valuable information such as the ID of the customer, his credit card numbers, his passwords are all stolen by the hacker. Therefore such information has to be transferred securely over the Internet. Encryption is the most common way of securing valuable information while transmitting over the Internet (Rahman, 2003). Networks are secured in a different manner. They are secured using tools called "Firewalls". W henever transactions or information between a customer and an organization are being carried out, a particular pattern is followed. Firewalls recognize and allow only these transactions or processes to be carried out and block out all the unrecognized patterns. By implementing Firewalls, most of the attacks from the hackers can be kept out. Securing a network just does not happen. There are many issues to be considered when making policies for network security. The three main issues back in the earlier days were Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. Due to the advances in the technologies, these issues have been mostly resolved. But in the present day Networks, other issues have appeared. These issues will eventually result in the breaching of confidentiality, integrity and availability thereby defeating the cause of coming up with Network Security policies. We can ask the following questions to resolve the recent issues related to Network Security: Should Identity Manager be put back to the User Identity Control from the top down approach has traditionally been imposed by all Enterprises and Governments. But this has resulted in resilience from the users. Users have always found it difficult to cope up with the time constraints resulting from the above mentioned approach. This approach looks increasingly antiquated for the present day user needs. Microsoft's Kim Cameron once noted that: "A system that does not put users in control will - immediately or over time - be rejected" (Dean, 2006). This is true because users expect real fast response and do not like to waste their time in waiting for a response from the requested network or system. Identity Control being at the Server side is the key to ensuring trusted relationship for billions of business transactions all over the world. Identity Control being at the server side makes it possible for the replying Network to ensure that the keys constructed are secure. Since the control will be present with the server, no user will have chance of even attempting to break the key and steal the information being transferred. At the macro level, the advantages that accrue in the form of innumerable applications and services,

Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass Essay

Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass - Essay Example One of the most pervasive feelings Douglass expresses is the utter lack of hope and meaning in the face of horrid life experiences. In chapter 10, Douglass experiences terrible conditions when living with Mr. Covey. Because Douglass is inexperienced as a field hand he goes through physical abuse at the hands of Mr. Covey that leads him to express his feelings. Douglass states, â€Å"I was broken in body, soul, and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died; the dark night of slavery closed in upon me; and behold a man transformed into a brute!† (Douglass, p. 105). This is a highly pivotal expression of feelings not merely to the chapter, but to the entire text as it demonstrates the mental and emotional transformation that Douglass has undergone through this experience. It is notable in that it demonstrates that slavery did not simply exploit disenfranchised individual s, but systematically worked to break down and destroy their sense of self and will. As Douglass experiences tremendous horrors in chapter 10, he ultimately resolves to escape. The process of Douglass escape is detailed in chapter 11. Douglass’ thoughts in this chapter are essential as they detail the stringent resolution he faces when confronting the challenges of escape. Douglass goes as far as to deride the Underground Railroad as being a short-term alternative that strengthens slave owners’ resolves. In a seminal quote Douglass expresses his feeling, â€Å"The wretchedness of slavery, and the blessedness of freedom were perpetually before me. It was life and death with me† (Douglass, pg. 122). This is a pivotal statement as it reveals the profound change Douglass has experienced throughout the narrative. Douglass has gone from an individual that has attempted to survive the abhorrent conditions of slavery to one that recognizes his freedom is his only choice.

Literacy Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literacy Autobiography - Essay Example Plenty of dimensions have been attached to literacy. Cultural values play an important role in helping a person to acquire literacy. Even though literacy is encouraged in most of the cultures, some cultures seem to have disbelief in the power of literacy. For example, women in fundamental Muslim societies are denied the opportunity to acquire literacy. In one of the recent shocking incidents, a teenage Pakistani girl, Malala was attacked by the Muslim fundamental groups for her efforts to spread education among Muslim girls in Pakistan. However, most of the other cultures including that one mine are encouraging literacy among all kind of people. In fact my culture or community is giving more attention educating even the old people. It should be noted that literacy helps people to become self-sufficient in all respects. Illiterate people forced to depend others more than literate people. For example, it is difficult for an illiterate person to fill official documents or read newspaper s. Such people always depends others for knowing things happening around them. We are living in a world in which the technological growth is taking place at a rapid pace. Many of the technologies in the past have given way for new technologies. For example, huge growth has been observed in mobile technologies in recent times. Instead of ordinary mobile phones, touchscreen phones or smartphones are currently conquering the market. The capabilities of smartphones are unimaginable. It is impossible for an illiterate person to operate a modern smartphone. My literacy in terms of technology is pretty good. I have already learned many things about computers and its operations. My knowledge in computer technologies is definitely helping me to operate most of the modern electronic equipment such as smartphones, television sets, digital cameras, etc. It would have been impossible for me to operate these things if I was an illiterate person. It is unimaginable for me to lead a life in which I should seek the help of others in operating a mobile phone or camera. Such a scenario would have been a real shame for me. At present, I am able to operate my smartphones and iPad with very much ease. It helps me chat with my friends and relatives through internet and social media. Moreover, these equipment helps me to stay connected to the external world all the time with the help of internet. My iPad is helping me immensely in my studies. My iPad helps me to avoid writing notes, and carrying a bunch of books into the classroom. If I was in illiterate in terms of technology, still I would have carried heavy note books and text books into the class room. In short, my literacy in technology is helping me in reducing my workloads immensely and also in standing tall among my friends and relatives. Fortunately, I belong to a community or culture which has open mind towards literacy. In fact, my community is encouraging education at all levels. It keeps a liberal attitude towards litera cy. Adult education is given special emphasizing in my community. I remember a massive literacy campaign conducted in my native place few couple of decades before. The purpose of this literacy campaign was to educate all the people in that place in reading and writing. This campaign helped my home town to become 100% literate within three months. Now all the people including the farmers, laborers and old people in my home town are capable of reading and writi

Topic of your choice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Topic of your choice - Term Paper Example As a means of understanding human resource management to a more effective degree, the following analysis will engage the reader with an understanding of how motivation takes place. Although it is true that employee/stakeholder motivation only represents one aspect of what a human resources department should be performing, it is one of the most essential elements that allows the firm/organization to engage their stakeholders and seek to promote a definitive level of engagement in one particular direction or another. In such a manner, it is the hope of this author that such a level of discussion will be beneficial for the reader to understand the manner through which motivation is utilized within the field of psychology and human resource management. Although Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has oftentimes been considered on a purely personal psychological level, the reality of the situation is that humans are by very nature social beings. By extension, the workplace is necessarily a realm within which individuals need to interact with one another as well as clients as a means of generating profit and income; both for themselves and for the entity in question. In such a way, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is perfectly suited to defining and describing the means by which a given firm/organization can seek to maximize the overall level of motivation that is exhibited within its employees. Naturally, it may seem at bit absurd for the firm/entity in question to be able to speak to the needs of breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, and excretion. However, the fact of the matter is that it is incumbent upon the employer to ensure a safe working environment exists whereby none of the basic physiological needs of the in dividual are disrupted. Continuing to move up the list, the reader can note that more or less in each and every substrata of the pyramid, the employer can seek to provide for at least some of these needs. Naturally,

Obsessive compulsive disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Obsessive compulsive disorder - Research Paper Example In many cases it’s onset begins in childhood at about the age of ten. It is thought to be two or three times more common than schizophrenia or manic depression. The Amercian Academy of Family Physicians (2006) describes Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as â€Å"an illness that causes people to have unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and to repeat certain behaviors (compulsions) over and over again†. They point out that although everyone has daily routines and habits for people with OCD the patterns of behavior get in the way of their daily lives. Thurkington (2009) describes OCD in the Encyclopedia of Medicine as a type of anxiety disorder. She defines Anxiety Disorder as â€Å"the experience of prolonged, excessive worry about circumstances in ones life†. OCD she explains is characterized by â€Å"distressing repetitive thoughts, impulses or images that are intense, frightening, absurd, or unusual. These thoughts are followed by ritualized actions that are usually biz arre and irrational†. The ritual actions are the compulsions and are thought to help to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsessive thoughts. People with OCD usually have both obsession and compulsion but there are occasionally people with only one. OCD can be accompanied by other anxiety disorders such as eating disorders or depression. A person with OCD can have ideas, images and impulses going through his mind repeatedly and not be able to control them. These obsessive thoughts make the person anxious and scared and they keep trying to get rid of these feelings by performing certain behaviors. These then become compulsive behaviors. The American Family of Physicians (2006) lists some of the common obsessive feelings and the common compulsive behaviors. Among the most common obsessions are the fear of dirt or germs, disgust with bodily waste, fear of harming someone, obsession with order and exactness and need for

Homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Homework - Coursework Example The cloud disappears when the air temperature is raised by compression. The change in temperature results in evaporation of the cloud droplets. 9. It can be inferred from this investigation that in the open atmosphere where it is cloudy, air is generally rising and cooling. Burgan (123) asserts that where the atmosphere is clear, the air is generally moving in the opposite direction. 10. Generally, high pressure areas in the atmosphere tend to be clear because air in them experiences downward motion. Low pressure areas tend to have clouds because air in them experiences motion in the reverse direction. 13. In the eastern U.S., the front that had slowly been moving eastward was positioned near Buffalo, New York. The temperature and dewpoint at Buffalo at map time were 62 F and 61 F, respectively. Because the temperature and dewpoint at the surface were not equal, it indicated the air in Buffalo was not saturated. 19. On the Steve diagram, the bold irregular curve to the right is the temperature profile while the bold curve to the left is the dewpoint profile. Where the curves are superimposed, the temperatures and dewpoints are equal. The separation of the temperature and dewpoint values at and near the surface indicates that the surface air was not saturated. (From the radiosonde text data, not shown, there is a 1.7 C difference between the temperature and dewpoint at the surface.) 23. The temperatures were equal to the dewpoints from 975 mb up to about 600 mb. These equal temperature-dewpoint conditions do suggest there was an extensive, thick layer of clouds over Buffalo (Bunch,

Organization and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Organization and Communication - Essay Example There are employees who feel threatened when they work with other people who are different with age, sex or culture (White 1999, p.477) Also, it could affect the increase in terms of cost of training as the management may have to provide seminars, programs and lectures to counteract the negative effects of diversity in the workplace. The employees need to be taught of accepting the different personalities and ideas or thoughts of their colleagues as well as deal with conflicts (White 1999, p. 478). Another negative effect is that a group for instance may encounter reverse discrimination which usually surfaces due to affirmative action policies. This is common to white males who feel that they have been discriminated unfairly as a result of certain affirmative action policies employed by the management (Brunner, 2003). Increase in conflicts may also arise as a result of the diversity in the workplace. Ignorance is the common root of the conflicts due to some negative dynamics like ethnocentrism, stereotyping and culture clashes. When one feels to be more superior than others, there arises a conflict (White 1999, p. 4 78). There may also be an increase in turnover or absenteeism (White 1999, p. 479). Mismanaged diversity may give way to minority group and majority group. The members of the minority group could most of the time feel less valued as compared to their counterpart which because of stereotype, ethnocentrism and prejudice. The abilities and motivation in this instance could be inhibited which further affects their job performance (Goetz, 2001). Every people in the world has already suffered stress in their lives but until now, the word â€Å"stress† is not yet given its full definition and explanation of what it is all about. When people are asked how they define stress and what makes them stressed, different answers usually come out and different factors are given as to the causes thereof. Stress is one

Should the federal government legalize the use of marijuana Research Paper

Should the federal government legalize the use of marijuana - Research Paper Example Such studies have been quoted as proof of the good qualities of the drug whenever the subject of legalizing marijuana is brought up. However, most of these studies do not tackle the issue about common mental problems that are experienced by patients when they consume marijuana in order to contain pain symptoms. It is a recognized fact that marijuana can cause anxiety problems, as well as depression, in all users. Using marijuana can also set off schizophrenic characteristics in individuals who are predisposed to getting this condition. These are facts that are never directly addressed by scholars who study marijuana users. The word ‘marijuana’ refers to a concotion of flowers, dried leaves, seeds and stems that originate from Cannabis sativa, which is the hemp plant. This mixture has mind-altering substances like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), among other related chemicals. This concoction usually also contains substances such as hash oil and hashish. Marijuana is said to be the most popular illegal drug in nations all around the world. There are a number of nations that have taken the step of banning its use, however. In America, the Federal Government does not support the proposed legalization of marijuana which has been proposed by many state governments. This means that, in some cases, federal laws will clash with state laws. There are 18 states that have legalized the use of marijuana for medical purposes. In other states, local governments are involved in debates concerning the legalization of marijuana for medical, as well as social purposes. For the most part, many users of marijuana do not consider the adverse effects of the drug, when proposing its legalization. This is something that has marked the majority of debates in which the advocates of the legalization of marijuana support the notion that it has medicinal properties that even serve to

Helping Children Improve their Self-Esteem Essay Example for Free

Helping Children Improve their Self-Esteem Essay To have a healthy sense of self-esteem is what most parents would want their young children to have. Special emphasis is given to self-esteem because parents know that self- esteem has a powerful effect on communication behavior. Also, many observers believe that at the bottom of the many societal problems lie in low self-esteem. Adler and Towne added that â€Å"people with high self esteem are more willing to communicate that people with low self-esteem† (48). Although self-esteem has been studied and scrutinized for many years already, specialists and educators still argue about its nature and development. Even so, they all generally agree that parents and other adults who are important to children play a major role in laying a solid foundation for a childs development. So what or how is self-esteem defined and illustrated in the different social contexts? Self-esteem is said to be a part of self concept that involves evaluations of self worth. The basics of self-esteem laid early in life when infants develop attachments with those who are responsible for them. Babies learn to feel loved and valued when those who look after them readily respond to their cries and smiles. By being loved and accepted by the people they idolize, children come to feel loved and accepted too. Also, parents and teachers can help their children to build healthy self-esteem by teaching good values, expressing appreciation, giving challenges, and coping with defeats. As children become increasingly sensitive to evaluations by their peers, parents and teachers can be very instrumental in fostering positive relationships with the children’s peers. You can also help the child by being clear about good values and keeping the communication lines open about experiences outside the home. When adults respond to the childs interests and efforts with appreciation rather than just praise, a childs sense of self-worth is more likely to deepen. Imagine this, when your child shows interest in something you are doing, you might want to include the child in the activity. In this manner, you respond positively to your childs interest by treating it seriously. On the contrary, flattery and praise can sometimes distract children from the topics they are interested in because children may develop a habit of expressing interest in a subject matter just to receive flattery. Tasks and activities that offer a real challenge than from those that are merely playful or funs are more likely to benefit children from. Involving the children in doing house hold chores will help boost self-esteem because it will give the children a sense of accomplishment. Cutright also put emphasis that rather than emphasizing constant successes and triumphs, parents and teachers can help the child develop and maintain healthy self-esteem by helping him or her cope with defeats. When love and support remain unchanged during times of disappointment or crisis, the childs weakened self-esteem can be strengthened when parents or teachers let the child feel that. As a conclusion, parents and teachers can play a significant role in strengthening childrens self-esteem by treating them respectfully, taking their views and opinions seriously, and expressing appreciation to them. Also, parents must keep in mind that self-esteem is an important part of every childs development. Reference: Adler, Ronald B. , and Neil Towne. Looking out/looking in interpersonal communication. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978. Cutright, Melitta. Self-esteem: the key to a childs success and happiness. PTA Today 17 (1992): 5-6.

Assessing financial management within Tesco plc

Assessing financial management within Tesco plc 1.1 Determine how to obtain financial data and assess it validity Tesco is Britains leading retailer. We are one of the top three retailers in the world, operating over 2,711 stores globally and employing 366,000 people. Tesco operates in 11 countries outside the UK Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey and Poland in Europe; China, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand in Asia. Everyday life keeps changing and the Tesco team excels at responding to those changes. Tesco has grown from a market stall, set up by Jack Cohen in1919. The name Tesco first appeared above a shop in Edgware in 1929 and since then the company has grown and developed, responding to new opportunities and pioneering many innovations. By the early 1990s we faced strong competitors and needed a new strategy. We were good at buying and selling goods but had begun to forget the customers. Sir Terry Leahy, who became Chief Executive in 1997, asked customers the simple question what are we doing wrong? . We then invested in the things that matter to customers. For example, we launched our loyalty scheme Club card and Tesco.com, our internet home shopping service. Going the extra mile for customers has been key to our growth. We want to make customers lives easier and better in any way we can. Most plcs have their Annual reports available from their own web sites .. look for Investor Pages or Corporate News etc. Others can be downloaded as PDFs from sites like FTSE, Yahoo Finance etc. It is well known that high employee satisfaction contributes significantly to high customer satisfaction, which drives intent to return, and therefore, financial results. High employee satisfaction expresses itself as enthusiasm in ones work, which directly impacts the experience of the customer. Likewise, high customer satisfaction expresses itself as enthusiasm toward a particular organization, its products or services, which directly impacts the intent to return rate. It is a short leap, then, to understand how a high intent to return rate among customers impacts financial results. But with so many variables affecting employee and customer satisfaction, how does one determine those of greatest importance, so that interventions aimed at increasing satisfaction are of maximum effectiveness? The answer is in the root cause analysis derived from employee and customer survey data, (West, S.J.DR, 2009). 1.2 Apply different types of analytical tools and techniques to a range of financial documents and formulate conclusions about performance levels and needs of stakeholders When implementing human performance improvement, most organizations hope and expect that it will have an effect on the bottom line that there will be a financial benefit that justifies the improvement effort. But human performance is a complex entity, and translating changes in performance into quantitative and financial results is often a daunting task. In the ideal, it is desirable to generate a causal chain of evidence from the intervention to the final financial impact. For instance, consider a simple performance improvement intervention such as a training program. In order for the program to affect the financial bottom line of the organization, we must first assure that the training is in an area that is relevant to the bottom line. It is, after all, possible to do training on topics that are irrelevant to financial performance. Assuming that the training is relevant, we might expect that it first needs to affect the knowledge and skills of the learners. Even if it does, it will not be translated into human performance unless the learner is motivated to use the knowledge. Even if the learner wants to use the new knowledge, there are any number of factors that can prevent them from doing so, or cause them to try under less than optimal conditions. Even if the learner performs perfectly, this performance may not affect the overall performance of the business (e.g., how efficiently departments process products). And, even if there is an effect on busi ness performance, there may not be a corresponding financial impact (depending on how relevant the business performance is to financial results). We see that in most performance improvement contexts, the causal chain from the program to final result is often a long and difficult one. The method described in this paper falls into the class of statistical estimation approaches to financial returns. It has several key advantages over other methods of estimating financial returns: It requires only a small investment of client participant time typically less than one hour to determine reasonable estimates of project-level financial benefits. It calculates boundaries on financial return estimates (i.e., lower and upper limits), rather than just a single value. It integrates financial return estimation with human performance measurement at all levels. In this approach, project costs are estimated using traditional accounting procedures. Project-level financial benefits are estimated by a client participant group using an iterative Delphi methodology. These cost and benefit estimates are proportionally distributed across performance goals and objectives and weighted by observed performance. The performance-weighted financial returns (i.e., Benefit/cost ratio and ROI) can then be presented for each performance objective, performance goal, or the whole project. There are several key assumptions in this approach: Because all financial estimation methods are fallible, it makes more sense to estimate a range of financial return values within which the true value is likely to fall. In statistical terminology, rather than doing a point estimate, it is desirable to do an interval estimate. Following common statistical practice, for each financial return estimate, the 95% confidence interval will be calculated. With this interval, the odds are 95 out of 100 that the true estimate falls within the range. All financial estimates are calculated for a fixed period of time. Typically, returns are estimated on an annual basis. However, for many performance interventions, it is reasonable to expect that the major effects will accrue over time periods longer than one year. If this is the case, it will usually be desirable to estimate the returns for multiple years. Since the costs of interventions are not likely to be distributed evenly over time, it is also necessary to estimate costs for the same time pe riods. Depending on the situation, it may be reasonable to amortize some of the first year costs over a several year period. It is actually quite simple to implement in practice, assuming you have taken the time to develop a performance hierarchy. Once a hierarchy exists, all thats needed is an estimate of total costs and benefits for the project. Total costs should be relatively easy to obtain. Before implementation, one could use the budgeted amount for the program as an estimate. After the program is implemented, one simply uses the accounted costs for the project. To estimate benefits requires the Delphi procedure described earlier. This is a relatively simple process that should be easy to accomplish in less than an hour of participant time. The bottom line here is that a good performance measurement system will enable relatively easy estimation of financial results there is little additional marginal cost to estimating financial outcomes, assuming you have a well-constructed measurement system. The Concept System approach is designed so that the performance hierarchy is correctly constructed. Adding in the estimation of financial returns is then a relatively simple and inexpensive addition that yields critical information about the financial impacts of the performance improvement project, (Trochim .M.K.W, 2009). 1.3 Conduct comparative analysis of financial data Financial analysis refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project. It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their bases in making business decisions. Based on these reports, management may: Continue or discontinue its main operation or part of its business Make or purchase certain materials in the manufacture of its product; Acquire or rent/lease certain machineries and equipment in the production of its goods; Issue stocks or negotiate for a bank loan to increase its working capital; Make decisions regarding investing or lending capital; Other decisions that allow management to make an informed selection on various alternatives in the conduct of its business. Financial analysts often assess the firms: 1. Profitability its ability to earn income and sustain growth in both short-term and long-term. A companys degree of profitability is usually based on the income statement, which reports on the companys results of operations; 2. Solvency its ability to pay its obligation to creditors and other third parties in the long-term; 3. Liquidity its ability to maintain positive cash flow, while satisfying immediate obligations; Both 2 and 3 are based on the companys balance sheet, which indicates the financial condition of a business as of a given point in time. 4. Stability- the firms ability to remain in business in the long run, without having to sustain significant losses in the conduct of its business. Assessing a companys stability requires the use of both the income statement and the balance sheet, as well as other financial and non-financial indicators. Financial analysts often compare financial ratios (of solvency, profitability, growth, etc.): Past Performance Across historical time periods for the same firm (the last 5 years for example), Future Performance Using historical figures and certain mathematical and statistical techniques, including present and future values, This extrapolation method is the main source of errors in financial analysis as past statistics can be poor predictors of future prospects. Comparative Performance Comparison between similar firms. These ratios are calculated by dividing a (group of) account balance(s), taken from the balance sheet and / or the income statement, by another, for example  : n / equity = return on equity Net income / total assets = return on assets Stock price / earnings per share = P/E-ratio Comparing financial ratios are merely one way of conducting financial analysis. Financial ratios face several theoretical challenges: They say little about the firms prospects in an absolute sense. Their insights about relative performance require a reference point from other time periods or similar firms. One ratio holds little meaning. As indicators, ratios can be logically interpreted in at least two ways. One can partially overcome this problem by combining several related ratios to paint a more comprehensive picture of the firms performance. Seasonal factors may prevent year-end values from being representative. A ratios values may be distorted as account balances change from the beginning to the end of an accounting period. Use average values for such accounts whenever possible. Financial ratios are no more objective than the accounting methods employed. Changes in accounting policies or choices can yield drastically different ratio values,( Web 1, 2009). 1.4 Review and question financial data In November 2007 the Panel identified the areas in the economy considered to be under most strain as the banking, retail, travel, commercial property and house-building industries. The Panels selection of accounts for review in 2008/09 has been biased towards these sectors as annual financial statements and half-yearly accounts have become available. These reviews are continuing and the Panel is in correspondence with a number of companies. The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has also taken a closer look at impairment and liquidity two aspects of reporting that are of increased significance given the pressure from the restricted availability of credit and reduced expectations for growth in the economy. The FRC is reviewing the goodwill and related impairment disclosures of 30 listed companies with significant goodwill balances at 31 December 2007 and the liquidity disclosures of 30 listed companies that have announced profit warnings or rescue fund raisings in the first half of 2008. The FRC will publish brief reports on its findings later in October. In 2007/08, the Panel reviewed 300 sets of accounts (2006/07: 311) and wrote letters to 138 companies (2006/07: 135) asking for further information about areas of possible non-compliance with the accounting requirements of the Companies Act 1985 (the Act) or the Financial Services Authoritys (FSAs) Listing Rules. At the time of writing this report, all but 17 cases are concluded. On the basis of accounts reviewed to March 2008, the Panel has concluded that the current standard of corporate reporting in the UK is good. The areas of reporting that prompted most questions were those dealing with more complex accounting issues or where the exercise of judgement b y management is most critical. The Panel did not identify any systemic issues requiring immediate remedial action. The Panel does not ask questions about reports and accounts in order to test its judgement against that of management. Directors, with the assistance of their professional advisers, are best placed to apply corporate reporting requirements to the particular circumstances of their companies. The Panel asks directors for additional information or explanations when it needs to clarify the facts and circumstances attaching to specific events, transactions or conditions reflected in reports and accounts. Once these are available the Panel is better placed to consider the thought processes applied to the reporting requirements, particularly the extent to which management has relied on working assumptions that are supported by a realistic appraisal of past performance and experience and future expectations, taking account of risks and uncertainties. It is the Panels experience that reports which clearly set out the companys business model are those which are easiest to understand. The Panel continues to be pleased by the way in which directors co-operate openly and constructively with the Panel and by their willingness to volunteer undertakings to improve the quality of their future annual and halfyearly reports. Company responses to the Panels letters of enquiry continued to be well considered. Directors who answered the questions they were asked, who presented well analysed and comprehensive replies, and who involved audit committees and external auditors in the process will usually have found that the Panel was able to conclude its enquiries after minimal exchanges of correspondence. The Panel published two press notices in the year in respect of companies that had failed to comply with the requirements of the Act. These companies restated comparative amounts in their next set of annual and half-yearly financial statements. UK companies with securities traded on a regulated market have been required since 2005 to prepare their consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS. From January 2007, AIM quoted companies have also prepared their accounts in accordance with IFRS as required by the Stock Exchange. The Panels experience is that there has been good progress and that the overall quality of financial statements has improved since 2005. The areas referred to below represent those where there is room for further advances in quality, particularly in the context of the difficult current conditions in the financial markets. Disclosure points that were frequently raised with companies during the period under review are noted at the end of the section. During the year to March 2008, the Panel reviewed the accounts of 10 retail and investment banks reporting under IFRS. The Panel considered compliance with all applicable reporting standards. The Panel identified banks as a priority sector in its accounts selection for 2008/09. Reviews conducted in the current year have concentrated on disclosures of financial risks as required by IFRS 7, the results of which will be reflected in the 2009 Panel Report. Issues raised varied between banks and there was no evidence of systemic reporting weaknesses. Most of the points raised indicated a need for refinement of certain disclosures rather than significant changes in recognition or measurement policies. The Panels remit was extended during the year to cover directors reports, including the business review, for periods commencing on or after 1 April 2006; effectively 31 March 2007 year ends. The following summarised findings therefore relate only to a minority of accounts reviewed in the period to March 2008. Comments on business reviews now feature regularly in the Panels correspondence with companies. The Panels approach to the business review was set out in a press notice published in September 2007 and also in a paper made available on the FRRP website, (Web 2, 2009). 2: Be able to assess budgets based on financial data to support organizational objectives. 2.1 Identify how a budget can be produced taking into account financial constraints and achievement of targets, legal requirements and accounting conventions The modern U.S. budget process dates from the Budget and Accounting act of 1921, which required that federal agencies request their funds from Congress only through the presidents budget. This act reflected in the view that the budget is a financial plan for the government, which has become among the most common ways of characterizing it. Equally frequent is the statement that the budget is ultimately a political document or that the budget process is ultimately a political one. Perhaps because they are stated so frequently, these phrases tend to be passed over, as if their implications were obvious. On reflection, however, the combination of a comprehensive financial plan that becomes a reality with a political process driven by the structure of the US governmental system hardly seems to be a formula for rationally driven, clear and effective budget. That there are shortcomings is not so surprising. The budget is a financial plan, but it is one of extraordinary scope and detail. Modern budgetary practice recognizes three major levels which the budget addresses: Macro economic (concerning the degree to which the budget affects national savings consumption investment and output), Major sector choices or national needs Karen including considerations of both expenditure policy and tax policy), and Detailed program design and execution. Simply put, the budget attempts to cope with this dilemma: people want individual pieces of the budget to be larger but for the total to be smaller. Steps in the Evolution of the Budget Process Budget and accounting act of 1921 established a single federal budget proposed by the president to Congress Post-World War II evolution of fiscal policy incorporated the budget as a factor in determining the direction of the economy Budget and deficit control act of 1973 created a congressional budget process and provided for specific measures for the president to propose and the Congress to act on reductions in approved appropriations. Graham Rodman Hollings provided for automatic cuts in budget outlays in the event deficit targets were exceeded Budget enforcement act provided specific limits for annual appropriations and created zero sum rules for changes to an entitlement programs and revenue measures. A major purpose of Budget concepts is to create a level playing field on which advocates for using the public treasury may meet in fair and open competition. Continuing the familiar analogy, the budget process provides the rules of the game. However, the game may be played by five- year-olds, and there can be as many referees yelling from the sidelines as there are players maybe more. Five-year-olds understand cheating, which is not to be condoned, but they also understand that changing the rules of the game, redefining what constitutes winning and getting a referee to rule in your favor are all excellent substitutes. It is not a coincidence that insiders discuss budget scorekeeping as something that is malleable, (Mathiasen.D,2009). 2.2 Analyse the budget outcomes against organization objectives and identify alternatives. 1. An operating budget is a formal, written plan that aligns the operating requirements with the funding sources of an organization. An operating budget reflects the missions and specific command objectives of the organization, as well as any limitations and controls (e.g., constraining targets, available funds) imposed upon it. An operating budget provides one the means to control obligations and expenditures against approved funding levels. 2. The objective of the operating budget is to provide managers with the ability to plan, organize, staff, and control the operations to accomplish the mission for the fiscal year. 3. There are several factors that are critical to the success of an operating budget. The following is a synopsis of those factors that need to be present to create a positive effect on the process. a. Management Support. Managers at all levels must support the operating budget concept not only in the formulation stage but through the execution stage. b. Guidelines. Guidance must be issued early to allow sufficient time for logical thought processes to take place, and to allow time for establishing milestone dates, specifying targets and limitations, defining terms, formats, and cost categories. c. Periodic Review. Operating budgets must be reviewed periodically to determine that the budget is properly executed. Appropriate adjustments can be made after these reviews. d. Level of Control. The responsibility for budget preparation and execution must be assigned to the level of management that has the responsibility and authority to control costs. Managers should not delegate this responsibility to personnel who do not have the skills and knowledge needed to prepare the organizations operating budget. Budget formulation and execution responsibilities should be incorporated into each appropriate managers performance standards to ensure accountability. Operating Budgeting Process The operating budget process consists of seven phases. Following is a brief description of each phase. Phase 1. Formulation This is the initial phase of the operating budget process. Budget Officers identify policies and guidance from HQUSACE and local areas of concern. Budget Officers will also determine the workload (income and expense), identify targets and limitations (planning and design, supervision and administration, overtime, travel, training, awards, etc.), income estimating guidelines and budget milestones. Phase 2. Review and Analysis Budget Officers review the initial input from the organizations for reasonableness, accuracy, valid assumptions, and past performance. They are also responsible for ensuring rates for departmental overhead, general and administrative overhead, facility accounts and plant accounts are appropriate and reasonable. Budget Officers prepare a proposed budget, identify the impact of alternatives to the proposed budget, make recommendations, and present the proposed budget to the PBAC (Program and Budget Advisory Committee). Phase 3. PBAC Review and Consensus The PBAC will review the proposed budget and alternatives and will determine a recommended budget for submission to the Commander. The PBAC may identify unfinanced requirements, showing their dollar amounts and justifications. Significant changes will be approved by the PBAC and the Commander. Phase 4. Approval The Budget Officer submits the PBAC recommended budget and alternatives for final Command approval. The approved operating budget is made available for execution. Phase 5. Execution Managers obligate and expend funds in accordance with the approved operating budget. Phase 6. Monitoring Operating budgets should be monitored on a monthly basis. Feedback reports are available to managers for monitoring actual performance compared to budgeted amounts. The Budget Officer provides periodic execution reports and analysis to the PBAC and the Commander. As a minimum, mid-year review will be completed. Phase 7. Adjustments Significant operating budget changes identified during the monitoring stage will be summarized and presented to the PBAC and the Commander for approval, (Genetti.A.JR, 1998). 3: Be able to evaluate financial proposals for expenditure submitted by others 3.1 Identify criteria by which proposals are judged The Sustain our Nation experts will be judging proposals using the following criteria: Identifying a Need Does the proposal address one or more of the five key themes? Does the proposal identify a genuine social need without creating issues or problems? User Empathy Have the relevant target individuals and groups been fully consulted in order to identify a legitimate issue? Does the designer fully understand the lifestyle and attitudes of the end user/stakeholders? Sustainability Has the designer considered the triple bottom line: economic, social and environmental factors? Innovation Does the proposal demonstrate a breadth of innovation and creativity? Business planning Are the business/enterprise, its objectives, strategies and market credible? Does the application include viable financial forecasts? Quality of presentation Is the presentation of a professional standard with cohesive narrative and appropriate visuals? (Web 3, 2009). 3.2 Analyse the viability of a proposal for expenditure Calculation of Financial and Economic Viability    Financial and economic appraisal is an important component of any project without which it is incomplete. Increasing awareness about the use of scare resources and the returns obtainable from it makes the issue more important. Financial analysis is used to describe the commercial viability of the project and shows its strength from financial angle. The concept of economic analysis can be considered as an extension of the financial analysis. In economic analysis the concern is on the developmental effect on the society/economy as a whole as against the financial analysis that bothers the interest of the specific entity. In the present report, financial analysis has been done for each market and of each category. Assumptions In the absence of past trends and its proper records it is necessary to make certain assumptions based on the reality of situations for assessing the true viability of any project. For this master plan, following assumptions have been taken:   i) Economic Life of the Project The horizon is important for calculation of benefit and cost of a project. Generally, 20-25 years period is considered proper as economic life of the project. In present case, calculations have been made assuming the economic life of the markets as 20years ending at 2020 A.D.   ii) Growth Period Proposed proposals for market development in Chhatishgarh is very simple. In number of markets, already minimum necessary requirement of construction has been met out and only a small addition or change will take place. In other cases markets would come up in a reasonable time. Therefore, it has been assumed that three-years period will be sufficient for completion of the proposed construction to make the new market yard fully operational. The full revenue in the form of ground rent is expected to flow after a gestation period of three years only.   iii) Occupancy    While making calculations, it has been assumed that all sellers operating in the market at present will shift and occupy space in new market, as they would get better trading facilities. Therefore, 100% space occupancy along with zero leakage of revenue has been considered. Occupancy of space in godown has been estimated for three to six months only in a year since space in godown may be utilized or in demand during harvesting and peak marketing season of different commodities. iv) Income and Expenditure    The main source of income of markets is market fee, leased rent and other sources of income. The income from market fee is assumed and computed at the rate of 1.5% of the value of arrivals expected with the implicit assumption that all the markets will be regulated and there will be a market committee to supervise the market operations and collect the market fee. The growth rate, which has been used for projecting the arrivals, is used for projecting income from this source for next 20 years i.e. up to 2018. Base year value is based on the actual value of arrival for the year 1998-99.   The other main source of income is rent chargeable on buildings. Rent has been assumed at 14% of the cost of construction of trading section and non-trading sections. No change rental has been proposed. While projecting income from this source it would get generate after the gestation period of three years is over. Usually, rent can be increased @10% after every 3 years, which would be, beneficial to the markets. Other income includes fines, sale of forms etc. that has been assumed  £.20,000 per annum and has been kept constant.   Various kinds of expenditure items like establishment cost, repair and maintenance, cost of land, capital cost etc. have to be looked into before preparing cash-flow statement. Establishment cost has been assumed @30% of the market fee expected, as the present staffing plan and expenditure was not available. Repair and maintenance cost has been estimated at 1% of the total cost. A lump sum amount of  £.5000 has been kept as miscellaneous expenditure to meet any contingency. Each market committee has to contribute Marketing Board Fund out of its income. Accordingly, it has been proposed that each market will contribute 10% of its market fee to this fund and the same has been kept as one of the component of operating expenditure. Gross benefits have been worked out for 26 years by deducting total operating expenditure from total income. Net benefits are net of interest payment and depreciation. Depreciation has been estimated by the straight-line method i.e. total capital cost divided by the life of the project assumed a

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay Honey is a sticky solution which is made by worker honeybees. Nectar is a normal sweet material which is described as a plant exudation that is gathered by honeybees and combined with certain secretion for the purpose of ripening and maturation.1 The main source of honey is flower nectar which, after collection , is modified and stored in honeycombes in order to be used as nourishment for the young brood.2 Chronic wound treatment is expensive and complicated. It is estimated that 1% of the population of both the United Kingdom and United States have a chronic ulcer, in the company of wound treatment price in Britain only approximately about 1 billion pound per year. The chronic healing is always excruciating, malodorous gate for expansionist infection and a potential repository for antibiotic resistant bacteria.3 Its difficult for patients to endure chronic lesions for a long time and this could have effect on the patients quality of life, work prospects, relationships, and continual pain. Zumla and Lulat ( 1982 ) described that the ancient Egyptians remembered employment of honey in 500 of 900 remedies. Hippocrates recognized the worth of honey as a unit of the diet, mix it with vinegar for pain, water for thirst, and water with different other medical substances for acute fever.4 There are many study conducted and shown successful result in several types of wounds. Chronic wounds are casing high incidence of hospital admission and the development of biofilms that inhabits the healing in this wounds. Pseudomonas argonosa one of the main bacteria that dalliances in the chronic wound healing. Manuka honey has approve to be the therapeutic treatment among the ether type of honey which inhabits the development of the biofilms in infected wounds. In this study, I have compared between microtiter plate and Calgary plate and there effectiveness preventive and inhibition of manuka honey. I believe that they were many patients in Oman who have diabetic chronic wound and there are not getting good results for their cases which end them with imputative lamps. I have selected this topics because that the use of manuka honey will contribute enhancing the wound healing in chronic wounds. Treatment of wounds using honey: The medical letters on medicating wounds with honey has been consulted recently in expert wound-care journals, with a concentrate on the medical indication and the clinical face. In this stage, scientists are considered on the therapeutic effects notice when honey is taken as a wound dressing.5 There were many reports in the medical journals that show the different type of wounds has been treated successfully with honey: abrasions, fistula, amputations, foot ulcers in lepers, abscesses , infected wounds arising from arising from trauma, bed sores, large septic wounds, burns, burst abdominal wounds following caesarean delivery, leg ulcers, malignant ulcers, sickle cell ulcers, skin ulcers, cancrum, cervical ulcers, surgical wounds, chilblains, cracked nipples, cuts, tropical ulcers ,wounds to the abdominal wall and perineum, varicose ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and other diabetic ulcers.5 Honey can generate a moist wound environment and can prevent or clear existing wound infections. Its can derided wounds and remove malodour, it reduces oedema and exudates, prevents and minimises hypertrophic scarring and hastens healing. Some honeys are available in the form of sterile product licensed for the use in wound care in Australia, Canada, the European Union, Hong Kong, New Zealand ant the USA.6 The type of honey which is normally used in the modern products is prepared specifically for wound management. It should be filtered, gamma irradiated and CE marked. The quantity of honey which can be used in the dressing is enough to cover the wound surface or fill the cavity or sinus, although It can overlap the wound margins. In the UK, wound treat honey is available in liquid form, in simple dressing form ( tulle or pad ) or in alginate dressings and the dressing may need to be changed daily initially until the level of exudates reduces with time the period between dressing changes can be extended. PROPERTEES OF CHRONIC WOUNDS: The process of acute wound healing has been divided into four steps: coagulation, inflammation, cell proliferation and repair of the matrix, and epithelialization and remodeling. The signs of an infected wound are : tumor, rubor, dolor, calor, and function laesa. Other standard have been suggested, like less transcutaneous oxygen tension ( TcPO2 ), presence of necrotic tissue, foul order, pan, wound break down, or simply lack of healing. The clinical endpoint for infection has been proposed: if Ë‚ 105 bacteria/g tissue are present, the wound is colonized whereas above 105 bacteria/g tissue it is infected. The susceptibility of colonizing bacteria to generate themselves and proliferate in a biofilm due to the weak of successful antibiotic therapy. Chronic wounds divide into various groups such as venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Each group has their specific principles for treatment based on current knowledge of pathogenesis. Venous leg ulcers are accelerate by malfunction of venous valves causing venous hypertension in the crural veins, raised pressure in capillaries, and edema. Venous pressure more than 45mmHg inevitably leads to development of a leg ulcer. The therapy of the venous leg ulcer is compression, which often heals the ulcer. Repetitive load of the neurophatic is the main cause of diabetic foot ulcer and usually ischemic foot and treatment is offloading and restoration of circulation. Pressure ulcers are produced by sustained or repetitive load on usually vulnerable areas such as the sciatic tuberculum, sacral region, heels, and shoulders in th e immobilized patient. Medicament is pressure relief with discharge mattresses, cushion seats, and ambulation of the patient. Chronic wounds in the form of to be stuck in the inflammatory step characterized by a continuing influx of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) that lanch cytotoxic enzymes, free oxygen radicals, and inflammatory brokers that cause wide collateral harm to the host tissue. The two responses cellular and humoral have a part in the inflammatory methed of chronic wounds. In the infection, (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) are detected in high amounts in chronic wounds. MMPs belong to a family of zincdependent endoproteinases that are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. They are maked by several different cells, for instance fibroblasts, macrophages, eosinophils, but in particular the PMNs. MMP production is stimulated by cytokines, growth factors, and cell-cell contact. The MMPs participate in the first stage of the wound-healing process, by throw devitalized tissue, and are therefore believed to play an important role in normal wound healing and remodeling. As for the repair stage, MMPs are important for angiogenesis, wound matrix contraction, migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and epithelialization. However, many papers proposed that elevated levels of active MMPs impair wound healing. Consequently, wound care items have been developed that aim at relieving the supposedly disadvantage effects of elevated MMPs in order to promote healing. In especially, infections with P. aeruginosa show altered amount of MMPs and MMP-regulating cytokines. Additionally, there are rarely any reports on antibody evolution against P. aeruginosa, with specific reference to chronic wounds.16 Pseudomonas argonosa biofilm cells Bacterial biofilms are polycellular communities in which cells are an integral component within an extracellular matrix at close vicinity to one another. Biofilms are after linked to solid surfaces but they converse to multicellular aggregates, flocks and grauls hanging in the aqueous phase in many habitats. It may produce foul, green-pigmented discharge and necrosis.7 Also they can be assimilation by single species or mixed species consortia. They are some figure of definite features are required for the type of biofilm formation : 1 Attachment to the involving particular agglutinant proteins. 2 Cell to cell binding involving proteins,extra-cellular DNA and polysaccharide in order for the cells to resist the hydrodynamic forces. 3 Cell motility to enable the cells to crawl on the surface. The bulk of P.aeruginosa biofilm cells even at the early stage express a type that is recollecting of gene expression seen in the early stationary phase of planktonic cells by analysis based of transcriptomics. This would in part demonstrate the high tolerance to antibiotics since a lot of drugs are comparatively ineffective against slow or non-growing stationary cells. Furthermore quorum sensing ( QS ) regulated gene expression also contributes to biofilm tolerance. Davies et al. ( 1998) explained that a QS incomplete las I mutant of P.aeruginosa formalized biofilms that were much liable to biocides. Also, biofilms constituted by a las R, rhlR double mutant of P.aeruginosa is more exposed to killing by tobramycin and hydrogen peroxide than biofilms formed by a wild-type counterpart suggestive of biofilm specific QS controlled genes.8 Biofilm development: First, various species release to develop similar structural and functional endpoint over biofilm formation, including the various stage of microcolony formation, matrix embedded mature biofilms, and tolerance to antimicrobial agent. Moreover, these species may or may not employ cell surface structures such as pili, flagella and LPS. Second, the use of various channel for biofilm formation and function occur also within a species like the development of tobramycin resistance in P. aeruginosa.8 The biofilm life cycle. 1: each cells populate the surface. 2: extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is produced and attachment becomes irreversible. 3 4: biofilm architecture develops and matures. 5: single cells are released from the biofil.9 Manuka honey: Honey has various antimicrobial factors. About 80% of honey content by weight is sugar and it is relatively acidic ( typical pH ranges from 3.2 to 4.5 ), making it unsuitable for microbial growth.6 Manuka honey has been promoted to therapeutic advantage over other honeys which are grown in New Zealand and Australia.10 It is reported to have a high concentration of a trimethoxybenzoic acid and methylglyoxal ; 2-methoxybenzoic acid and methlglyoxal were linearly related in fresh manuka honey.11 Recently it has been documented that the antibacterial activity of this honey is due to reactive methylglyoxal ( MG ) which is more concentrated ( up to 100 times ) in manuka honey compared others honeys.10 This led to the development of an industry standard phenol equivalent named unique manuka factor ( UMF ).11 Where MG is a strong protein-glycating agent and a serious harbinger of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), GM and AGEs play a role in the pathogenesis of weakening diabetic wound healing and can adjust the structure and the function of the target molecules. Along with MG, hydrogen peroxide, flavonoid and aromatic acids are present in natural honeys.10 Hydrogen peroxide is produced in low concentration by the enzyme glucose oxidase which is present in the honey from bee hypopharyageal glayls. It is produced when honey is diluted with the body fluids and the acidity of the honey is neutralised also the body fluids. If the honey is used as topically like a wound dressing, hydrogen peroxide is formed by dilution of the honey with body fluids. C6 H12 O6 + H2O + O2 C6 H12 O7 + H2O2 The New Zealand beekeeping industry recognized that storage of manuka honey increased the UMF rating and thus also its market value. The colour of honey is linked to the configuration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds output on non-enzymatic caramelisation or Maillard reactions see Figure 2.11 Figure 2. Main properties of manuka honey in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. The black arrow represents known action, the white arrows represent hypothetical mechanisms of action. MG: methylglyoxal; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; MRJP1: major royal jelly protein.3 In addition, ripeness of stored honeys has been showed to increase the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ( HMF ) amount. Another thing is that some beekeeper in New Zealand are heating the honey to manipulate the UMF activity which may raise HMF beyond the current international standard of 40mg/kg for culinary honeys.11 The susceptibility of the honey to effect the action of the cells that are central to the wound healing method has been investigated by exposing monocytic cells to diluted honey and measuring the rate of release of cytokines that indicate cell activitation. Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, which are substantial cellular organizers of wound healing. Impaired healing is formed by numerous, complex factors which are not entirely understood at present, but it has been linked to reduced numbers of macroghages and inactive macrophages. The susceptibility of agents to stimulation such cells therefore has importance in estimate their wound healing potential.12 There were a study published for comparison of desloughing efficacy after 4 weeks and healing outcomes after 12 weeks in sloughy venous leg ulcers treated with Manuka honey ( Woundcare 18+ ) vs. Standard hydrogel therapy ( Intrasite Gel ). The study shows 108 patients with venous leg ulcers having à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 50 wound area covered in slough, not taking antibiotic or immunosuppressant therapy were recruited from ascular centres, acute and community care hospitals and leg ulcer clinics. The efficacy of wound care 18+ to deslough the wounds after 4 weeks and its impact on healing after 12 weeks when campared with IntraSite Gel control was determined. The treatment was applied weekly for 4 weeks and follow up was made at week 12. From the results of the study it was demonstrated that at week 4, mean percentage of reduction in slough was 67% Wound Care 18+ vs. 52.9% Intra Site Gel (p = 0.054). Mean wound area covered in slough reduced to 29% and 43%, respectively (p = 0.065). Median reduction in wound size was 34% vs. 13% (p = 0.001). At 12 weeks, 44% vs. 33% healed (p = 0.037). Wounds having >50% reduction in slough had greater probability of healing at week 12 (95% confidence interval 1.12, 9.7; risk ratio 3.3; p = 0.029). Infection developed in 6 of the WoundCare18+ group vs. 12 in the IntraSite Gel group. The WoundCare 18+ group had increased incidence of healing, effective desloughing and a lower incidence of infection than the control. Manuka honey has therapeutic value. This study confirmd that manuka honey may be considered by clinicians for use in sloughy venous ulcers.13 Calgary Biofilm Plates: The Calgary Biofim Plates was developed at the University of Calgary by their microbiologists. This Device now has a commercial name as The MBEC assay. It working by the idea of the microorganisms to grow on 96 pegs protruding down from a plastic lid. The MBEC assay plate has two parts. The upper part of the plate is polystyrene lid with 96 identical pegs. The mean surface area of each peg is 108.9mm2. The lid is inserted into the lower part of the plate a microtiter plate is set up to contain an inoculated growth medium. The plate is kept on a gyrorotary shaker in an incubator, which provides the shearing force that facilitates the formation of 96 biofilms on the peg lid. Biofilms take shape on the polystyrene pegs when planktonic bacteria adsorb to the surface. In the presence of shear, these bacteria become irreversibly attached and grow to form mature biofilms.14

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) :: Biographies Biography Lamarck Essays

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a theory of evolution to the public. Although his ideas were not widely accepted they paved the way for others to do work in that field. Even before his work on evolution he did extensive work with invertebrates. His work on invertebrates inevitably led him to his theory of evolution. This theory was not accepted at his time and has since been proven wrong. The way he was raised and the institutions he attended gave him the opportunity to perform his work. BACKGROUND Jean Baptiste Lamarck was born in the village of Bazentin-le-Petit in northern France on August 1,1744. He was born into a military family as the youngest of eleven children. Around 1756 Lamarck joined a Jesuit seminary at Amiens, but left to join the French military after his fathers death in 1761. He remained in the army until illness forced him to leave in 1768. Not too long after leaving the army Lamarck started to study medicine and plants. (Waggoner 2) Lamarck took many excursions with Jean-Jacques Rousseau which led him to an interest in plants rather than medicine. (Weber 49) Ten years later he gained attention and notoriety from his book Flore Francaise, about the plants of France. He had the help of well known botanist Buffon on this book, which helped with his credibility. From this book he was given the position of assistant botanist at the royal botanical garden, the Jardin des Plantes. This position was not well paid and Lamarck was forced to live in pover ty. (Clifford 1) But in 1793 the Jardin des Plantes was reorganized to become the National Museum of Natural History. This museum was run by twelve professors in twelve different scientific fields. Lamarck was appointed to the professorship of the natural history of insects and worms. Lamarck later gave these organisms the term invertebrates. (Waggoner 1-2) WORK WITH INVERTEBRATES Lamarck knew nothing about the subject of invertebrates at this time in his life. Not many scientists did know anything about invertebrates. Some even included snakes and crocodiles in this classification. The name invertebrate did not even exist at this time, Lamarck coined the phrase after he had done his research. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) :: Biographies Biography Lamarck Essays Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a theory of evolution to the public. Although his ideas were not widely accepted they paved the way for others to do work in that field. Even before his work on evolution he did extensive work with invertebrates. His work on invertebrates inevitably led him to his theory of evolution. This theory was not accepted at his time and has since been proven wrong. The way he was raised and the institutions he attended gave him the opportunity to perform his work. BACKGROUND Jean Baptiste Lamarck was born in the village of Bazentin-le-Petit in northern France on August 1,1744. He was born into a military family as the youngest of eleven children. Around 1756 Lamarck joined a Jesuit seminary at Amiens, but left to join the French military after his fathers death in 1761. He remained in the army until illness forced him to leave in 1768. Not too long after leaving the army Lamarck started to study medicine and plants. (Waggoner 2) Lamarck took many excursions with Jean-Jacques Rousseau which led him to an interest in plants rather than medicine. (Weber 49) Ten years later he gained attention and notoriety from his book Flore Francaise, about the plants of France. He had the help of well known botanist Buffon on this book, which helped with his credibility. From this book he was given the position of assistant botanist at the royal botanical garden, the Jardin des Plantes. This position was not well paid and Lamarck was forced to live in pover ty. (Clifford 1) But in 1793 the Jardin des Plantes was reorganized to become the National Museum of Natural History. This museum was run by twelve professors in twelve different scientific fields. Lamarck was appointed to the professorship of the natural history of insects and worms. Lamarck later gave these organisms the term invertebrates. (Waggoner 1-2) WORK WITH INVERTEBRATES Lamarck knew nothing about the subject of invertebrates at this time in his life. Not many scientists did know anything about invertebrates. Some even included snakes and crocodiles in this classification. The name invertebrate did not even exist at this time, Lamarck coined the phrase after he had done his research.

Rafting the Nolichucky :: Personal Narrative Writing

Rafting the Nolichucky The Nolichucky River is a body of water that rises from the Blue Ridge Mountains in Western North Carolina and flows northwest into Tennessee, then goes west to join the French Broad River after running a course of 150 miles (Britanica. Com). The Nolichucky’s most action packed stretch of water runs through a beautiful stretch of the Pisgah and Cherokee National Forests. The whitewater on this river is truly world-class. If thrills and spills are what you love, then the Nolichucky, referred to commonly as the "Noli," is the place you need to check out. As a raft-guide on the Nolichucky this past summer, I highly recommend that any physically and mentally stable student who enjoys nature should give a white water-rafting trip some serious thought. For an individual with absolutely no experience, I would suggest starting on a mild part of the "Noli." The lower area of the Nolichucky offers a mild dose of rapids and is perfect for children and those with a low tolerance for danger and extreme sports. The lower "Noli" is a five-mile trip and usually takes anywhere form three to six hours. With only one Class III on the entire trip, one could almost take a nap on this raft trip. The upper section of the Nolichucky is where you are going to get to exercise those bellowing lungs. With an array of Class IV rapids, the upper section of the "Noli" promises to provide a day of thrills and spills. Before planning a white water rafting trip, I suggest everyone to be aware of certain things. First, this is a dangerous and physical event that requires some muscle and heart. For anyone with a weight problem, heart problems, or mental instability, this activity is not suggested by the companies who provide their services in this type of activity. If you have any questions about your ability to do an activity of this nature, consult a doctor first. The main goal for all of us is to have fun and be safe. The company that I work for is called Cherokee Adventures and is located about twenty miles south of the ETSU campus. From the Culp Center, this should be no more than a twenty five-minute drive. From the campus the you need go south in the direction of US181/23. Head south on 81/23 and go 15 miles from Johnson City.

Analysis of Video “The World is Flat” Essay

Key issues or Problems in the video: The title â€Å"The World is Flat† was taken from a statement by Nandan Nilekani, the former Infosys (an Indian IT company) CEO. It seems like if hadn’t met Nandan then he wouldn’t have even written this book. He talks about Americans and the developing world but says almost nothing about Africa, Europe & Australia. The World is flat applies better to people with similar kind of economic conditions. In developing world, a big portion of population is poor or much below poverty line as per American standard. Their first challenge is access to food and Education. How could they be part of level playing field and make this world flat. Friedman says first that Nineteenth century belonged to English, Twentieth Century to USA and Twenty first Century to China. Friedman argues that latest age of globalization will be spearheaded by Individuals. He just made this assumption after meeting the cab driver in Budapest & Peruvian Dishware seller who have their own websites. T he percentage of people doing their own business like this is still extremely low to claim that the era belongs to them. It feels like an exaggeration. Its conflicting that on one hand, he says 21st century belongs to China and on the other hand, he says latest age of globalization (which is now) will be spearheaded by Individuals. I can’t accept his methods and question his research and interview process. Friedman is stating something without actually based on real documented facts, but on talks with friends and CEOs he visits. By what it leaves out, it does nothing more than misinform the people around the World. In the end, he talks about Green New Clean energy which kind of feel out of context from the main topic. Critique of video, Supporting arguments, rebuttals of ideas: I think there is a lot to criticize about the Video â€Å"The World is Flat†. Friedman’s view of the globalized world is often obsessed with the successful multinational corporations of India. In the video he talks about individuals or â€Å"free agents†, but being a free agent is riskier. Free agents will not have fixed salary and health care benefits (Source: Brown, C.V.). If there is a free agent in India, he can’t work for American company without Social Security Number for Tax purposes. 90% of the world’s telephone calls, Internet traffic, and investments are local, suggesting that this Video has overstated the trends. His talk of a new flat world  where information, money, ideas, and people can move worldwide faster than before is unreal, we just see a fraction of what he describes globalization (Refer Source:wiki). Globalization causes unemployment here in America. It is shipping jobs outside America where its easy to find cheap labor. The winners will be capitalists worldwide causing income inequality everywhere. This would imply that Globalization will make the world NON-Flat instead. He talks about mashing the two specializations together which doesn’t always give the better result. Actions I would take next and why or personal experience dealing with the issues: The video presents more of an American perspective. Friedman’s work history has been mostly with The NY Times, and has definitely affected the way due to which he thinks this way. I would have liked his ideas in a more â€Å"inclusive voice† to show the whole World’s perspective. I would encourage fair trade instead of free trade. If we put his claims to test against documented facts. It will not pass. I would have liked more research and references. World will be actually a level playing field when everybody will have a fair opportunity to Education & Resource of Technology. If I make a website and start selling say â€Å"Baseball bats†. First of all, there will be a Brand position issue that is why would people come to me instead of going to Store like â€Å"Sports Authority† or so where they can try and test things before buying. Secondly, In real world, its hard to be an Individual and manage the whole thing like getting the stuff made in foreign countries, handle the custom portion, get it shipped etc. on your own. Sources: (2014, May 9). The World is Flat. Retrieved Jun 7, 2011 from Wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Is_Flat Brown, C.V., Dehayes, D.W., Hoffer, J.A., Martin, E.W., & Perkins, W.C. (2012). Managing information technology (7th ed.): Managing IT in a digital world. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Movie Reflection

What is in your movie? ENG 225 Hannah Judson March 15, 2010 What is in your movie? How does one analysis a movie? How does one watch a movie? What are you looking for in the movie? When you watch the movie, does the movie tell you a story or do you learn any life lessons from it? Movie making is considered an industry and an art form; as an artist media, it can come in a form of expression. A movie has so many components intertwined into it to make it overall and complete. Therefore, is there any one component that is superior to the other when the creators are composing the movie?There are so many elements and components used in creating and analysis a movie. However, before we take a look at those elements, let’s take a look at the history of films. Let’s start with silent films; many silent films were produced in the United States back in the early 1900’s. However, filmgoers never really got to enjoy the film in the theaters as they were intended to be seen. S ilent films were meant to be viewed with the intentions of a full musical orchestra behind the film as was the case with The Birth of a Nation in 1915 (Griffith, 1915).The silent film, with the full musical composition playing behind it, made the movie experience seem much more complete. Now days, so many years later, after the original context, the films have lost the excitement as was intended by the directors. As we look more into the actual making of the film itself, each and every film was recorded on a reel of film. Until the standardization of the projection speed of 24 frames per second (fps) for sound films in 1926, silent films were shot at variable speeds or â€Å"frame rates†, typically anywhere from 16 to 23 frames per second or faster.Unless carefully shown at their original speeds they can appear unnaturally fast and jerky, which reinforces their alien appearance to modern viewers. Eventually, they had the ability to add shades of color into the film. When they wanted to add color into a particular shot, they would actually have to hand paint the slide prior to the film being projected. After many attempts to color each slide and make a complete movie, the directors realized how difficult and time consuming it was to complete it. As time went on, they tried to use another technique known as â€Å"tinting†; this was done by coloring the film stock prior to printing on the film.This two-color effect would display the look of black and white and whichever other color that it was tinted in, for example, if they wanted to have a night scene, they would tint the stock blue to make the allusion of a night scene. As was the case in the movie Intolerance (Griffith, 1916), by the Pioneer director D. W. Griffith, also known as the, â€Å"Father of American Films† (Boggs & Petrie, 2008, p. 482). Another coloring technique that was used was known as â€Å"toning†; this was done by adding dye to the film itself so that the lines of the image were colored.By combining the two steps of toning and tinting gave it a two color image experience. Furthermore, as it comes to the langue of the silent films, we could hear a breath taking and moving experience even without the actors saying a word. When the actors were acting in a silent film they were able to communicate and express to the audience by body language, purely by visual elements. How they were able to say so much and have the audience’s attention and involvement was done by their ability to communicate with their eyes, mouth, hands, and body movement.For example, in the movie, City Lights (Chaplin, 1931), Charlie Chaplin, was able to get the audience involved and laughing with his ability to use his body language and facial expression. He would make distinct facial expression with his eyes, eyebrows and mouth to display a stage of concern, happiness, or disbelief, and his ability was very powerful. The silent film language was not limited to the fac e alone; it was expressed by all aspect of the actor’s body. Another very important element of silent films was the actor’s ability to walk. We would think that being able to walk in a film would have no merit to it.No so, as in the case of Charlie Chaplin, he had a very unique walk of his own. When Charlie Chaplin would walk in the film, you could tell who it was without even seeing the actor’s face. It has stated that silent films at its best could express ideas that words itself could not express. As we have enjoyed silent films for many years, we have come to love and enjoy other forms of techniques that unfortunately were not in the silent films. For example, as we moved out of the silent film era, we moved deeper into sounds and we are therefore able to hear the dialogue that gives a different type of expression and experience.Considering that film is usually thought of as a visual medium, sound plays an incredibly vital role. There are three very importan t elements that go into creating sounds in motion films, they are, sound effects, dialogue, and musical score. By adding these elements into the movie, they are increasing the involvement and intensity of the experience. Capturing great quality of sound for the movie is another craft that you will need to learn. If the film contains dialogue, it is very important to be able to record it so the words and mouth movements match up; this is known as â€Å"lip sync†.Shooting film is not just getting a hold of a camera, unlike video, you cannot just record sound directly into the camera, and you will need to record onto sound-recording equipment, like a tape recorder. Although the â€Å"Nagra† reel to reel was the standard for decades, DAT (Digital Auto Tape) has captured the market because of its quality, convenience, and price. Sometimes when recording a film and the dialogue is not very clear during the shoot and must be re-recorded in a studio, preferably using the same recording equipment used during the shoot, this is known as â€Å"dubbing†.There are many different types of equipment that are available for recording known as the ADR (Automatic Dialogue Replacement). When it is necessary, the actors would sit in a sound-proof booth with a screen to play back the movie and allow the actors to re-enact the scene and re-record the dialogue all over again. On feature films, sound engineers use huge multi-track mixing desks and high quality monitor speakers to ensure that the audio is well-balanced and what needs to be heard is audible. Furthermore, any sounds that were not captured during the shoot are added at the post-production stage.Work on sounds that need enhancing; footsteps, doors, creaking, and so on, are usually done by a Foley artist. They create and record all manner of sound and noises in a studio using their own favorite props. A great example that a Foley artist would be used for would be any animated movies. My favorite animate d movie of all time is Monsters Inc. ( Docter, 2001). All of the different sound effects that were made, for example, when â€Å"Sully† was riding around on different doors, the Foley artist had to create the sound of a pulley.Another example of this would be from the movie Titanic when the ship was breaking apart and people were jumping into the water, the sound crew and Foley artist had to implement the sounds by creatively using breaking wood pieces and splashing water as a sound effect. Never the less, the quality of the equipment is very important for any sound crew member. They will need to be using some sort of a microphone; professional shotgun microphones are extremely sensitive and will pick up an incredible amount of ambient sound, despite their narrow recording field.To ensure that they capture only the actors’ voice, they need to have the microphone as close as possible to them; this would want to be done by mounting the microphone onto a boom stick. Apart from the environmental sounds, shooting the movie outside has the added challenges of picking up the wind sound; however, this can be eliminated if they were to use a â€Å"wind boot†. Whatever equipment or methods they might be using to record the sound, getting the best voice recording is imperative, even though it is possible to do voiceover in post-production; the actors are not always able to recapture the intensity of the moment.This leads me into what is the next important element of the movies, â€Å"effective storytelling†. Maybe there is no absolute right way to tell a story, however, I am sure there is probably a wrong way, which will be obvious if you don’t capture the audience. I feel the trick of storytelling is not what you say, but how you will say it. How you tell the story will also be how the audience will interpret it. This is a common device that is used to sway people’s opinion or to gain sympathy for a person or event.For feature f ilms the general idea is that you have to grab the audience within the first ten minutes, although this really means that the screenplay needs to catch the reader within the first few pages or take the chance of it being rejected. A credible story has many elements that need to be woven into it, for example, the theme of the movie could be the main focus, however, other elements like the characters, plot, and conflict must be carefully selected so they are uniformed in their relationship so the theme of the movie is clear.By doing this you are able to keep the audiences attention and sitting on the edge of their seats expecting more. There are different components of the film that will keep some moviegoers interested; however, those same components might be boring to other moviegoers. So how does one develop a storyline that will keep everyone’s interest? That might be done by the simplicity of the film, by clearly and directly communicating, so that it is clear to all movieg oers. However, some moviegoers like the more complex challenge of using their intellectual minds.This is done by the author’s ability to implement dramatic or emotional structure, by achieving the maximum intellectual or dramatic impact. The author would then develop the storyline in a linear or non-linear format. The storyline would still be composed of the same elements of exposition, complication, climax, and denouement; however, it would just depend on the way they were structured in the storyline. For example, in the movie Titanic (Cameron, 1997), at the beginning of the movie, they showed an elderly Rose talking with the researchers about the gemstone necklace.However, when she starting telling the story of how she received the necklace, they flashed back decades earlier to the year the ship first set sail, this is known as â€Å"non-linear structure†. In addition, conflict is another major degree of complexity within the film. When I recently watched the movie, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Forman, 1975), I noticed the dramatic component of â€Å"human conflict† between Nurse Ratched and the mental patient Randall Mc Murphy. They struggled constantly throughout the movie until the very end when Randall received a frontal lobotomy.Needless to say, the conflict between Nurse Ratched and mental patient, Mc Murphy, was not the only thing that I noticed from the movie. The actor’s ability to portray the characters that they were playing really stood out to me. I noticed the roles of Miller played by Alonzo Brown, Turkle played by Scatman Crothers, Martini played by Danny DeVito, were done in an impersonator role, they all had the ability to take on the personality traits of a mentally ill patient. As was the case of â€Å"Rudy†, who was played by, Michael Jeter, in the movie Patch Adams (Shadyac, 1998), Actor MichaelJeter had to take on the characteristics and traits of a very disturbed Schizophrenia patient. He v ery successfully portrayed the behavior of someone suffering from the mental illness of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia causes affected people to exhibit odd and often highly irrational or disorganized behavior, included such symptoms as anxiety, restlessness and hallucinations. In one of the scenes, Rudy, who was a patient in the mental ward, had mentioned to â€Å"Patch† that he needed to use the restroom and then instantly, Rudy’s mental state changed, he was hallucinating that he was being under attack by squirrels.For someone who did not really suffer from this disease, by his ability as an actor that he was actually suffering from the disease, he sure convinced me. In this scenario, I feel that Michael Jeter developed his character from the â€Å"inside out approach. † He was able to fully understand every aspect of his character’s personality and develop the behavior from there. Not the case of Robin Williams’s character, Patch Adams was develo ped on the â€Å"outside in approached. † Robin Williams portrayed a â€Å"living† person; therefore he had to learn everything about this character form the source.With this approach, the actor must know everything there is know about this certain individual, his likes, dislikes, his behavior, his wants, his needs, what makes him tick, and especially his sense of humor. I am sure that this particular â€Å"interpreter† character was not very difficult for Robin Williams to get into character. He has always been very successful as a stand up comedian, therefore, when he was asked to play this character; he seemed to be right at home. When I stop to think about the real reason behind why movies are made, one can only think about the true intentions of the film industry.There are many reasons why screenwriter, directors, producers, and everyone else that are involved with the creation of the film. What stand out the most is how the film makers are able to depict s o many important issues that need to have a wide array of people’s attention. What better way for something to be brought to the attention of thousands, even millions of people’s attention, except through a film, plays, stage performances, or musicals. They are creatively brought to light through different genres, a comedy, documentary, drama, musical, or any other form of entertainment.Some are of true life stories, others are done through the creative mind of an artist. With this we get to see the lead actor, supporting actor, super hero, villains, demons, tricksters and many other characters that are brought to life through the films creator. Furthermore, it is important to understand the elements that are woven into the creation. As I bring this paper to an end, I hope that in some way you are able to understand that there are many components that are woven into the creation of a film that is extraordinarily magical.To be able to see the magical transformation with in the experience is an individual experience that one must find within them. I know for myself, I have seen and experience something new and hope that everyone else has the ability to find and encounter the same extraordinary experience.